People v. Rush

Timothy P. Donaher, Public Defender, Rochester, Phillips Lytle LLP, Buffalo (Deena K. Mueller of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.

Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Leah R. Mervine of Counsel), for Respondent.

PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., CENTRA, PERADOTTO, DeJOSEPH, AND SCUDDER, JJ.

MEMORANDUM:

Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting her upon a jury verdict of identity theft in the first degree (Penal Law § 190.80[3] ) and criminal possession of a forged instrument in the second degree (§ 170.25 ). Defendant is convicted of assuming the identity of another person by using the name of another person and depositing a forged instrument into a bank account set up in the name of that person. The People presented evidence that the check at issue had been stolen from the company named as payor within a month before the transaction at issue occurred. The person named as payee on the check at issue and in whose purported account the check was deposited testified that he did not set up the bank account, nor did he endorse the check at issue or ask defendant to conduct any banking transactions for him. Photos depicting a woman making a deposit at the time the check at issue was deposited and depicting a woman withdrawing funds from that account at an ATM in temporal proximity to the deposit also were in evidence. Contrary to defendant's contention, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 ), we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the conviction of identity theft in the first degree (see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ).

We reject defendant's contention that the phrase "assumes the identity of another person" is a discrete element that must be proved (see People v. Yuson, 133 A.D.3d 1221, 1221–1222, 20 N.Y.S.3d 263, lv. denied 27 N.Y.3d 1157, 39 N.Y.S.3d 391, 62 N.E.3d 131 ; see also People v. Box, 145 A.D.3d 1510, 1511, 44 N.Y.S.3d 645 ). In Yuson, we expressly declined to follow the decision of the First Department in People v. Barden, 117 A.D.3d 216, 224–230, 983 N.Y.S.2d 534, revd. on other grounds 27 N.Y.3d 550, 36 N.Y.S.3d 80, 55 N.E.3d 1053, and we wrote that "the statute is unambiguous and defines the phrase ‘assumes the identity of another person’ by the phrase that immediately follows it, i.e., by, inter alia, using the personal identifying information of that person" (id. at 1222, 36 N.Y.S.3d 80, 55 N.E.3d 1053 ). We thus concluded in Yuson that, "inasmuch as the People established that defendant used the personal identifying information of the victims, they thereby established that defendant assumed their identities for the purposes of the statute" (id. ). Likewise, here the People established that defendant used the personal identifying information of another

person, i.e., that person's name and bank account number (see Penal Law § 190.77[1] ), to defraud the bank herein (see § 190.80 ).

We also reject defendant's contention that, even assuming that she used the person's personal identifying information, she did not "thereby" commit the offense of criminal possession of a forged instrument because she possessed the check before she deposited it and the use of the identifying information did not cause her to commit the offense. We reject defendant's overly restrictive interpretation of the term "thereby" to mean "because of this" or "as a result of this action," and we instead conclude that the correct interpretation of the term is "[b]y that means" or "in that way" (Black's Law Dictionary 1707 [10th ed. 2014] ). We therefore conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to establish that there is a "valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences which could lead a rational person to the conclusion reached by the jury on the basis of the evidence at trial" (Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ), i.e., that defendant assumed the identity of another person by using personal identifying information of that person and thereby committed the crime of criminal possession of a forged instrument by uttering the check, that is, by presenting it as if it were genuine (see Black's Law Dictionary 1781 [10th ed. 2014]; see also William C. Donnino, Practice Commentary, McKinney's Cons Laws of N.Y., Book 30, Penal Law § 170.00, at 330).

We further conclude that, contrary to the contention of defendant, when viewing the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 ), the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence with respect to the element of knowledge, and with respect to identity (see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ). Even assuming, arguendo, that a different verdict would not have been unreasonable, we conclude that the jury did not fail to give the evidence the weight it should be accorded (see id. ). Specifically, the People presented evidence that defendant both deposited the stolen check at issue into the account and withdrew funds from that account, and the named payee and account holder testified that he did not set up the account, did not endorse the check and did not authorize defendant to conduct any banking transactions on his behalf. Furthermore, the jury had the opportunity to compare the photos of the person making a deposit and a withdrawal at the ATM at the relevant times and was in a position to make "an independent assessment regarding whether the [person] in the bank photographs was indeed the defendant" (People v. Russell, 79 N.Y.2d 1024, 1025, 584 N.Y.S.2d 428, 594 N.E.2d 922 ). Contrary to defendant's further contention, the photographic evidence taken at the ATM machine was relevant with respect to intent, knowledge and identity, and thus County Court did not abuse its discretion in admitting that evidence upon determining that it was more probative than prejudicial (see People v. Goodrell, 130 A.D.3d 1502, 1503, 12 N.Y.S.3d 482 ).

We agree with defendant, however, that the court erred in closing the courtroom during jury selection because, inter alia, there was standing room only, thereby excluding the father of defendant's children from the courtroom (see People v. Floyd, 21 N.Y.3d 892, 893–894, 965 N.Y.S.2d 770, 988 N.E.2d 505 ; People v. Torres [appeal No. 1], 97 A.D.3d 1125, 1126, 948 N.Y.S.2d 488, affd. 20 N.Y.3d 890, 956 N.Y.S.2d 474, 980 N.E.2d 523 ; People v. Martin, 16 N.Y.3d 607, 611, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491 ). Indeed,

under those circumstances, the court was "required to consider alternatives even if neither party [had] suggest[ed] any" (Martin, 16 N.Y.3d at 612, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491 ). We conclude, however, that, under the circumstances presented here, the court properly denied defendant's motion pursuant to CPL 330.30(1), seeking to set aside the verdict based on the courtroom closure.

As an initial matter, by requesting a hearing based upon the court's recollection that a deputy left the courtroom after the venire panel was seated in order to locate defendant's companion, defendant waived her contention that the court improperly expanded the record when it conducted a hearing on her CPL 330.30(1) motion. The trial record establishes that, rather than closing the courtroom until some prospective jurors were excused (cf. Floyd, 21 N.Y.3d at 893, 965 N.Y.S.2d 770, 988 N.E.2d 505 ; Torres, 97 A.D.3d at 1127, 948 N.Y.S.2d 488 ; Martin, 16 N.Y.3d at 610, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491 ), the court stated that defendant's companion was required to leave the courtroom until the first 21 prospective jurors were seated for voir dire, and that the man would be notified when that process was completed. The court security officer testified at the hearing that, after the first 21 prospective jurors were seated, she and the other court security officer cleared the rear row of the courtroom and she went into the lobby to find defendant's companion (cf. Torres, 97 A.D.3d at 1127, 948 N.Y.S.2d 488 ), but that no one was out there, with the exception of another deputy. She testified that "the judge was just beginning to give his speech to the jury panel" when she exited the courtroom to look for defendant's companion. She advised defense counsel at the first break that the man was "gone." She testified that she looked through the windows of the courtroom doors throughout the day and did not see the man. We conclude that under the circumstances presented here, where the process of jury selection had not yet begun before the courtroom was reopened (cf. Torres, 97 A.D.3d at 1126–1127, 948 N.Y.S.2d 488 ; Martin, 16 N.Y.3d at 613, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491 ; see generally People Alvarez, 20 N.Y.3d 75, 81, 955 N.Y.S.2d 846, 979 N.E.2d 1173, cert. denied ––– U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 2004, 185 L.Ed.2d 867 ), the improper closing of the courtroom was "too trivial to warrant the remedy of nullifying an otherwise properly conducted ... criminal trial" (Gibbons v. Savage, 555 F.3d 112, 121 [2nd Cir.2009], cert. denied 558 U.S. 932, 130 S.Ct. 61, 175 L.Ed.2d 233 ).

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.