Michael Eugene Grimage v. A. M. Gwara

2 Opinion of the Court 25-13270 A.M. Gwara. The district court granted Gwara summary judg- ment, and Grimage appeals. We construe his briefing to raise two issues. First, Grimage challenges the magistrate judge's denial of his discovery motion. Second, he challenges the district court's grant of summary judgment based on a filing that came after the district court had already granted summary judgment. After careful review, we reject both of Grimage's arguments and affirm the dis- trict court's grant of summary judgment.

I.

After Gwara used pepper spray on Grimage to prevent him from committing suicide in his FSP cell, Grimage sued Gwara un- der 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He alleged that Gwara employed excessive force against him in violation of the Eighth Amendment. After the district court denied Gwara's motion to dismiss, Grimage filed a request for various discovery materials as well as a set of interrogatories for Gwara. Shortly thereafter, Grimage also filed a motion to compel discovery, in which he sought responses to his interrogatories and production of "documents and rules re- quested for examination." Doc. 34 at 1.

Gwara responded to Grimage's motion to compel discov- ery, stating that he already responded to Grimage's requests for production and interrogatories. Gwara also noted that Grimage

"mistakenly requested records from [him] which [we]re not in [his] possession (or [we]re equally available to Plaintiff), but we[re] in the possession of the Department of Corrections." Doc. 40 at 1-2.

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25-13270 Opinion of the Court 3 And Gwara filed a motion for summary judgment, along with sev- eral exhibits, which included the security video footage from the FSP Q Wing where the incident occurred.

A magistrate judge issued an order denying without preju- dice Grimage's motion to compel discovery, noting that the mo- tion "lack[ed] specificity" and was rendered moot in part because Gwara answered his interrogatories and had filed the requested video evidence along with his motion for summary judgment. The magistrate judge, however, further ordered Gwara to file a notice by February 13, 2025, confirming that Grimage was given an op- portunity to view the video evidence submitted in support of his motion for summary judgment. And he also provided Grimage with a deadline to file a renewed motion for clarification "should he deem such a motion necessary" due to Gwara's failure to com- ply with the magistrate judge's order.

After Grimage filed a brief in opposition to summary judg- ment and Gwara filed a reply, the district court granted summary judgment in Gwara's favor. First, the district court determined that Florida law authorized correctional officers to use force to prevent an inmate from attempting suicide and that Gwara's undisputed account of the events established that he used minimal force to re- spond to Grimage's suicide attempt. Next, the district court con- cluded that several factors identified in Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312 (1986)—including the necessity of force, the amount of force used to meet that need, and the extent of the threat to Grimage—

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4 Opinion of the Court 25-13270 weighed in Gwara's favor. The court also stated that the video re- cordings showed FSP officers promptly taking Grimage to a decon- tamination shower after he was sprayed with pepper spray, "which demonstrate[d] an effort made to temper the severity of the re- sponse." Id. And the court noted that Grimage did not submit any evidence, documents, or sworn affidavits that could contradict Gwara's telling of the incident either. Accordingly, the court con- cluded that no reasonable jury could find that Gwara used exces- sive force, and it granted summary judgment in Gwara's favor. After the district court entered its order, Grimage filed an additional brief in opposition to Gwara's motion for summary judgment and a notice of appeal as to the district court's final judg- ment and order.

II.

We review discovery rulings for an abuse of discretion. Smith v. Sch Bd. of Orange Cnty., 487 F.3d 1361, 1365 (11th Cir. 2007). We apply de novo review to the district court's ruling on a motion for summary judgment and "apply the same legal standard used by the district court, drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and recognizing that summary judgment is appropriate only where there are no genuine issues of material fact." Sutton v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, 64 F.4th 1166, 1168 (11th Cir. 2023).

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III.

Grimage raises two issues on appeal. First, he challenges the magistrate judge's nondispositive discovery order. And second, he challenges the district court's grant of summary judgment in Gwara's favor. For the following reasons, we reject Grimage's ar- guments.

A.

First, Grimage challenges the magistrate judge's order deny- ing without prejudice his request to compel discovery.

"[W]hen a party fails to timely challenge a magistrate's non- dispositive order before the district court, the party [has] waived his right to appeal those orders in this Court." O'Neal v. Am. Shaman Franchise Sys., Inc., 166 F.4th 1274, 1281 (11th Cir. 2026) (citation modified). "This rule of waiver stems from Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(a)," which states that "[a] party may not assign as er- ror a defect in the order not timely objected to." Id., citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a).

Here, Grimage waived his challenges to the magistrate judge's nondispositive discovery order by failing to object to that order before the district court. O'Neal, 166 F.4th at 1281. The bulk of Grimage's appellate argument is that our Court should compel Gwara to provide records he requested during discovery. But the magistrate judge issued multiple orders denying Grimage's re- quests to compel discovery, and Grimage failed to object to them. Accordingly, in a straightforward application of O'Neal, Grimage's

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6 Opinion of the Court 25-13270 objections are waived, and we decline to consider them. 166 F.4th at 1281. See also Fed. R. App. P. 72(a).

B.

Second, Grimage challenges the district court's grant of summary judgment in Gwara's favor. In reviewing the district court's rulings, we "consider only evidence that was part of the rec- ord before the district court." Selman v. Cobb Cnty. Sch. Dist., 449 F.3d 1320, 1332 (11th Cir. 2006). And we consider only issues that a party properly raises in their briefing. "[I]ssues not briefed on ap- peal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned." Timson v. Sampson,

518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). Here, Grimage urges us to "consider review of [his] Brief in Opposition and Declaration (Document 64) for a clear understand- ing of the excessive and malicious force used in this case." Appel- lant's Br. at 5. Liberally construing Grimage's initial brief as ade- quately challenging the district court's grant of summary judg- ment, his argument fails to persuade us for two reasons. First, Grimage filed Document 64 after the district court entered its sum- mary judgment order, so it was not properly before the district court. Selman, 449 F.3d at 1332. Second, the record reflects that the district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Gwara on Grimage's Eighth Amendment claim. This Court has noted that pepper spray may be used to subdue an inmate, pro- vided "a valid penological reason supports the use of such force,"

Sconiers v. Lockhart, 946 F.3d 1256, 1266 (11th Cir. 2020), and Flor- ida's administrative code permits a correctional office to use force

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25-13270 Opinion of the Court 7 on an inmate when such force is reasonably necessary to "[p]revent an inmate from inflicting any self-injury or from attempting to commit suicide," Fla. Admin. Code R. 33-602.210(2)(a)(7). The rec- ord reflects that the pepper spray in this case was applied in a

"good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline" and not "mali- ciously and sadistically to cause harm." Sconiers, 946 F.3d at 1265.

IV.

AFFIRMED.

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