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PEOPLE v. WASHINGTON
Case Summary: PEOPLE v WASHINGTON, Docket No. 77-5070 (Mich. Ct. App. July 18, 1978)
Factual and Procedural Background
On March 20, 1975, Russell and Jacqueline Palmer were killed in their home. Their four-year-old daughter, Clarissa Palmer, was the only witness to the slayings. Clarissa testified that three men entered the home; one was armed and that the man carrying the gun was wearing a cast. Other witnesses placed defendant wearing a cast during the period in question.
At the preliminary examination, Clarissa was twice walked through the courtroom and could not identify anyone present (defendant was seated in the courtroom). Detective Kate Visser testified that she first interviewed Clarissa on March 21, 1975, and that on March 25, 1975 she showed Clarissa ten photographs, three of which Clarissa selected, including that of defendant.
Defendant was bound over to Kent County Circuit Court on two counts of murder on October 27, 1977. A motion to quash was filed November 14, 1977; the district court denied the motion on December 18, 1977. This Court granted leave to appeal on January 20, 1978.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether Officer Visser's testimony recounting Clarissa Palmer's out-of-court identification of defendant was admissible at the preliminary examination.
- Whether the admission of that hearsay identification could properly be relied upon to establish probable cause at the preliminary examination, in light of the rule that a preliminary examination must be based on legally admissible evidence.
- Whether the "tender years" hearsay exception applies to this case (a murder) and to a declarant who was not the victim of the offense.
- Whether Clarissa's out-of-court identification could be admitted as res gestae given the temporal gap between the killings (March 20) and her identification (March 25).
- Under the Michigan Rules of Evidence (MRE 1978), whether a third party (Detective Visser) may testify to a witness's prior identification under MRE 801(d)(1).
Arguments of the Parties
Defendant's Arguments
- The district court erred in admitting Officer Visser's hearsay testimony recounting Clarissa Palmer's prior identification of the defendant.
- The district court improperly relied on that inadmissible hearsay in finding probable cause at the preliminary examination.
People's Arguments
- The prosecution contended Officer Visser's testimony was admissible under the "tender years" exception to the hearsay rule, which permits certain hearsay statements by young victims who later testify, where the delay is adequately explained.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| People v Charles D Walker, 385 Mich. 565; 189 N.W.2d 234 (1971) | At a preliminary examination there must be a showing from legally admissible evidence that a crime has been committed and that there is probable cause to believe defendant committed it. | The court invoked this principle to require that the preliminary examination be based on legally admissible evidence and to assess the admissibility of Visser's testimony. |
| People v Gwinn, 47 Mich. App. 134; 209 N.W.2d 297 (1973) | Support for the proposition that preliminary examinations require legally admissible evidence. | Cited as supporting precedent alongside Walker for the admissibility requirement at preliminary examinations. |
| People v Poe, 388 Mich. 611; 202 N.W.2d 320 (1972) | Holds that a third party may not testify about another person's out-of-court identification. | Applied to exclude Detective Visser's testimony recounting Clarissa's out-of-court identification; distinguished from testimony by the identifying witness herself. |
| People v Payne, 37 Mich. App. 442; 194 N.W.2d 906 (1971) | Discusses the "tender years" exception permitting hearsay statements by young victims who later testify, with an explanation for delay; court language limited the exception "In sex offenses". | Used to show the tender years exception historically applied in sex-offense cases and to question its applicability to this murder prosecution. |
| People v Gage, 62 Mich. 271; 28 N.W. 835 (1886) | Earliest case applying the tender years exception (involving assault with intent to commit rape). | Cited to show the historical origin of the tender years exception in sex-related offenses. |
| People v Hicks, 98 Mich. 86; 56 N.W. 1102 (1893) | Example of cases applying the tender years exception in sex-offense contexts. | Cited as part of the line of cases indicating the exception has been applied mainly in sexual-offense cases. |
| People v Werner, 221 Mich. 123; 190 N.W. 652 (1922) | Another case in the historical line of tender years exception jurisprudence. | Cited to demonstrate the consistent use of the exception in sex-related cases. |
| People v Bonneau, 323 Mich. 237; 35 N.W.2d 161 (1948) | Part of the line of cases applying the tender years exception. | Cited as further support for the observation that the tender years exception has been used in sex-offense cases. |
| People v Woodward, 21 Mich. App. 549; 175 N.W.2d 842 (1970) | Discusses timing and spontaneity in relation to res gestae (delay can remove a statement from res gestae). | Applied to conclude Clarissa's March 25 identification was too remote from the March 20 slayings to be res gestae. |
| Rogers v Saginaw-Bay City R Co, 187 Mich. 490, 494; 153 N.W. 784 (1915) | Provides the elements required for a statement to qualify as res gestae (startling occasion, spontaneity, made before time to contrive, relation to circumstances). | The court quoted these elements and concluded Clarissa's delayed statement did not meet them. |
| People v Londe, 230 Mich. 484; 203 N.W. 93 (1925) | Approved testimony by witnesses as to prior identification and circumstances surrounding such identification at police headquarters. | Cited in discussion of MRE 801(d)(1) and committee note; distinguished as permitting testimony by the identifying witness, not by a third party recounting another's identification. |
| People v Sanford, 402 Mich. 460; 265 N.W.2d 1 (1978) | Discusses prior identification and MRE 801(d)(1); contains separate opinions addressing whether third-party identification testimony is permitted under the rule. | Cited for support of the court's interpretation that MRE 801(d)(1) was not intended to permit third-party testimony of another's prior identification (as stated by Justices Kavanagh and Levin). |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
The court proceeded in several discrete steps.
- Application of Preliminary Examination Standard: The court reaffirmed that the recognized rules of evidence apply at preliminary examinations and cited People v Charles D Walker for the proposition that a preliminary examination must be supported by legally admissible evidence showing a crime and probable cause to believe the defendant committed it.
- Characterization of the Testimony as Hearsay: Both parties agreed Officer Visser's recounting of Clarissa's out-of-court identification constituted hearsay. The court noted precedent (People v Poe) that a third party may not testify about another person's out-of-court identification.
- Examination of the Tender Years Exception: The people urged admissibility under the "tender years" exception. The court reviewed the historical scope of that exception and observed that the cited cases originated in and have largely concerned sex offenses and that the declarant in those cases was the victim. Here, the offense was murder and Clarissa was not the victim; thus the court found the exception inapplicable.
- Res Gestae Analysis: The court evaluated whether Clarissa's identification qualified as res gestae. Quoting Rogers v Saginaw-Bay City R Co, the court emphasized the requirements for spontaneity and immediacy. Because Clarissa's relevant statement occurred five days after the murders (March 25 versus March 20), the court concluded the statement was too remote in time to be spontaneous and thus not res gestae.
- Consideration Under Michigan Rules of Evidence (MRE 1978): Anticipating remand under the newly effective MRE, the court examined MRE 801(d)(1) (prior statement of identification). While Clarissa herself could properly testify as to her own prior identification under that rule, the committee note and related authorities show that the rule was not intended to allow a third party (Detective Visser) to testify to another's out-of-court identification. The court therefore concluded Visser's testimony would also be inadmissible under the MRE.
- Conclusion on Admissibility and Probable Cause: Because the contested testimony was inadmissible hearsay and the preliminary examination must rest on legally admissible evidence, the court determined the district court erred in admitting Visser's testimony and in relying on it to find probable cause.
Holding and Implications
The court reversed the order denying defendant's motion to quash, quashed the information, and remanded the matter to circuit court for appropriate further action.
Consequences for the parties: The circuit court must now either dismiss the charges or remand for further examination. If remanded for further examination, the Michigan Rules of Evidence (effective March 1, 1978) will govern and Detective Visser's testimony recounting Clarissa's out-of-court identification is not admissible under those rules as interpreted by the court in this opinion.
This opinion's direct effect is to exclude the specific hearsay identification testimony at issue and to require that the preliminary examination be supported by legally admissible evidence; the opinion does not purport to announce any broader, novel rule beyond its application of existing precedent and the MRE to the facts presented.
R.M. MAHER, J.
On October 27, 1977, defendant was bound over to Kent County Circuit Court on two counts of murder. MCLA 750.316, 750.317; MSA 28.548, 28.549. A motion to quash was filed on November 14, 1977, but an order denying that motion was entered on December 18, 1977. By order dated January 20, 1978, this Court granted leave to appeal.
Russell and Jacqueline Palmer were slain in their home on March 20, 1975. The only witness to the slayings was decedents' four-year-old daughter, Clarissa. She testified that during the evening three men, one of whom was armed with a gun, entered the home where she lived with her parents, brother and sister. Clarissa testified that the man carrying a gun was wearing a cast. Other witnesses had testified that during the period in question defendant was wearing a cast on one leg. At the preliminary examination, however, Clarissa was twice walked through the courtroom and could not identify anyone present as being the person she had seen in her home the night of the killings. Defendant was seated in the courtroom.
The final witness called on October 25, 1977, was Kate Visser, a police detective. She testified that on March 21, 1975, she first interviewed Clarissa and that on March 25, 1975, she showed her ten photographs. Visser testified that Clarissa selected three, including that of defendant, as being those of the men who entered her home on the night of the murders.
Defendant contends that the district court erred reversibly at the preliminary examination in admitting Officer Visser's hearsay testimony concerning Clarissa Palmer's prior identification of defendant and in relying on that testimony in determining that there was probable cause to believe that defendant was the individual who committed the charged offenses.
At a preliminary examination the recognized rules of evidence apply. In People v Charles D Walker, 385 Mich. 565; 189 N.W.2d 234 (1971), the Supreme Court held that at the preliminary examination there must be a showing from legally admissible evidence that a crime has been committed and that there is probable cause to believe that defendant committed it. See also People v Gwinn, 47 Mich. App. 134; 209 N.W.2d 297 (1973). Both parties agree that the testimony in question was hearsay: a third party may not testify about another person's out-of-court identification. People v Poe, 388 Mich. 611; 202 N.W.2d 320 (1972).
But the people contend that Officer Visser's testimony as to Clarissa Palmer's identification of defendant was admissible under the "tender years" exception to the hearsay rule. That exception allows the admission into evidence of hearsay statements made by a victim of tender years who subsequently testifies to the content of those declarations. The delay from the time of the incident to the time of the conversation must be adequately explained. People v Payne, 37 Mich. App. 442; 194 N.W.2d 906 (1971).
The tender years exception is, however, limited in some respects. The prosecutor is able to point us to no case where the offense involved is not sex-related. People v Gage, 62 Mich. 271; 28 N.W. 835 (1886), the first case to apply the exception, involved assault with intent to commit rape. Subsequent cases have seemingly all dealt with sex offenses. See People v Hicks, 98 Mich. 86; 56 N.W. 1102 (1893), People v Werner, 221 Mich. 123; 190 N.W. 652 (1922), People v Bonneau, 323 Mich. 237; 35 N.W.2d 161 (1948). In People v Payne, supra, this Court, speaking specifically of the tender years exception, limited its definition with the words "In sex offenses". The crime at issue here is not a sex-related offense — it is murder.
Moreover, in all of the above mentioned cases the party whose statement has been allowed in despite its hearsay nature has been the victim of the alleged crime, the sex offense. Clarissa Palmer was not the victim of the crime in this case.
Nor is Clarissa's prior identification admissible as part of the res gestae. The murders took place March 20. Clarissa found her parents on March 21 but she made no identification statement until March 25. We believe the statement too remote in time to be part of the res gestae.
In order for a statement to qualify as part of the res gestae,
"(1) there [must] be a startling occasion, startling enough to produce nervous excitement, and render the utterance spontaneous and unreflecting; (2) * * * the statement must have been made before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent and (3) the statement must relate to the circumstances of the occurrence preceding it. 3 Wigmore on Evidence § 1750 et seq." Rogers v Saginaw-Bay City R Co, 187 Mich. 490, 494; 153 N.W. 784 (1915).
The delay between the slayings and Clarissa's statement removes her identification from that class of statements which may properly be called spontaneous and unreflecting within the special context of the res gestae. See also People v Woodward, 21 Mich. App. 549; 175 N.W.2d 842 (1970).
Woodward, at 560, fn 5 contains the following definition of res gestae:
" McCormick, [Evidence] note 4, p 578, cites the following definition of res gestae from the case of Allen v Mack (1942), 345 Pa. 407, 410 ( 28 A.2d 783, 784):
"`A res gestae declaration may be defined as a spontaneous declaration by a person whose mind has been suddenly made subject to an overpowering emotion caused by some unexpected and shocking occurrence which that person has just participated in or closely witnessed, and made in reference to some phase of that occurrence which he perceived, and this declaration must be made so near the occurrence both in time and place as to exclude the likelihood of its having emanated in whole or in part from his reflective faculties.'"
Since we find the hearsay statements inadmissible, we must reverse the circuit court order denying defendant's motion to quash. The matter is remanded to circuit court where the circuit judge may either dismiss or remand for further examination. If the case is so remanded, the Michigan Rules of Evidence, effective March 1, 1978, will govern. Therefore we consider whether the proffered evidence is to be treated any differently under the new rules.
The Michigan Rules of Evidence contain no tender years exception. See MRE 1978, 802, 803, 804, wherein the hearsay rule and the exceptions thereto are dealt with. Attempts to establish an exception for the testimony of Officer Visser elsewhere in the rules fail. MRE 1978, 801(d)(1) provides:
"(d) Statements which are not hearsay. A statement is not hearsay if —
"(1) Prior statement of witness. The declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is one of identification of a person made after perceiving him." (Emphasis added.)
Clarissa Palmer's testimony might be said, after cursory reading, to meet the standard of this rule. But the pertinent committee note declares:
"MRE 801(d)(1)(C) [now renumbered to be 801(d)(1)] is consistent with prior Michigan law in admitting testimony by a witness as to his own prior statement of identification of a person made after perceiving him. People v Poe, 388 Mich. 611; 202 N.W.2d 320 (1972), People v Londe, 230 Mich. 484; 203 N.W. 93 (1925)." (Emphasis added.) Proposed Michigan Rules of Evidence (West 1977 ed), p 55.
People v Londe, cited by the committee, approved testimony by two witnesses as to prior identification of the defendant and the circumstances surrounding such identification at police headquarters. As was previously observed, People v Poe, also cited by the committee, held that while a party may testify as to his or her prior identification of a defendant, a third party may not testify about another person's out-of-court identification.
Under the rule, therefore, as interpreted by the committee, and we believe correctly, while Clarissa Palmer could properly testify as to her own prior statement of identification, Officer Visser could not. In accord with the new Michigan Rules of Evidence, then, Visser's testimony is not admissible.
See also People v Sanford, 402 Mich. 460; 265 N.W.2d 1 (1978), in which, in three separate opinions, members of the Supreme Court discuss prior identification and MRE 1978, 801(d)(1). As Justices KAVANAGH and LEVIN stated:
"MRE 801(d)(1) was not designed to permit testimony by persons other than the identifying witness."
Justices WILLIAMS, MOODY and COLEMAN apparently would allow some third-party identification testimony, as permitted by Londe and Poe. This seems to be consistent with the drafters' interpretation of MRE 801(d)(1) and with precedent. It suggests that the three justices do not find MRE 801(d)(1) to have opened up new doors for third-party identification testimony, as Justices RYAN and FITZGERALD find.
The order denying defendant's motion to quash is reversed. The information is quashed and the matter remanded to circuit court for appropriate further action.
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