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COHASSET HTS, v. ZONING BD
Case Summary: Cohasset Heights, Ltd. v. Zoning Board of Appeals of Cohasset
Factual and Procedural Background
The plaintiff, Cohasset Heights, Ltd. (CHL), succeeded to a special permit originally granted on December 7, 1976, to Tyeryar to operate a landfill. The zoning board of appeals voted to grant the special permit on December 7, 1976; the permit was filed with the town clerk the next day and no appeal was taken, but a certified copy showing no appeal was not obtained for recording at that time. Tyeryar began operating the landfill and later sold the property to CHL in 1982, which continued landfill operations. In 1986 the town amended its zoning by-law to create a water resource overlay district that would prohibit landfill operations on part of CHL's land; the special permit had not been recorded at that time.
After lengthy litigation over the landfill operations (including prior appeals and administrative proceedings), a citizens' group discovered in January 1998 that the special permit had not been recorded and complained to the building inspector. CHL obtained a certified copy and recorded the special permit on January 21, 1998. On January 26, 1998, the building inspector issued a cease and desist order on the ground that the special permit was invalid because it had not been recorded; the zoning board upheld that order. CHL appealed the board's decision to the Land Court.
The Land Court judge, deciding the case on cross-motions for summary judgment, ruled that CHL's failure to record the 1976 permit was fatal to protection under G.L. c. 40A, § 6, and upheld the board's decision. On appeal, the Appeals Court reversed.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether, for purposes of protection as a prior nonconforming use under G.L. c. 40A, § 6, the relevant saving event is the issuance of a special permit or the later recording of that permit so that it "takes effect" under G.L. c. 40A, § 11.
Arguments of the Parties
Plaintiff (CHL)
- CHL's position, as presented on appeal, was that the 1976 special permit had been issued and therefore, under G.L. c. 40A, § 6, the permit marked the beginning of protection as a prior nonconforming use against subsequent zoning changes.
Defendant (Building Inspector / Zoning Board)
- The building inspector issued a cease and desist order on the ground that the special permit was invalid because it had not been recorded, and the zoning board upheld that order.
Interveners
- The interveners challenged the judge's recital that CHL succeeded to Tyeryar's interest in the permit.
- They also argued that the permit had not issued because the town clerk had not provided a certified copy for recording.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| Smith v. Building Commr. of Brookline, 367 Mass. 765 (1975) | That a permit which has not "taken effect" nevertheless may be protected as a prior nonconforming use. | The court cited Smith as precedent supporting the proposition that a permit not yet effective (in that case because the matter was on remand) could still be protected against a subsequent zoning change, paralleling the present case where recording (and thus "take effect" under § 11) occurred after issuance. |
| Smith v. Board of Appeals of Brookline, 366 Mass. 197 (1974) | Context: the building permit matter had been remanded to the zoning authorities for further consideration after a prior appeal. | Referenced as background to the Smith precedent showing the permit there had not authorized building or occupation while the case was on remand; used to explain the factual posture of the controlling Smith decision. |
| Cohasset Heights, Ltd. v. Zoning Board of Appeals of Cohasset, 25 Mass. App. Ct. 1116 (1988) | Referenced as an earlier appellate decision upholding the board's interpretation limiting CHL's permit to disposal of demolition material (affirmation of prior administrative ruling). | Noted as part of the litigation history showing prior rulings on the scope of the special permit; used to summarize background litigation but not to resolve the § 6 issuance/recording question. |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
The Appeals Court reversed the Land Court judge's ruling. The Land Court judge had relied on G.L. c. 40A, § 11, which provides that no special permit shall "take effect" until a copy of the decision is recorded in the registry of deeds, and concluded that because the permit had not taken effect by recording, CHL was not entitled to § 6 protection.
The Appeals Court reasoned that G.L. c. 40A, § 6, distinguishes between a permit "issued" and a permit or use "lawfully in existence." The court observed that § 11's recording requirement governs when a permit "takes effect," but that requirement does not mean a permit that has been issued is not an issuance for purposes of § 6. The court emphasized the logical sequence that a permit must be issued before it can be recorded and concluded that issuance alone qualifies a special permit as a prior nonconforming use under § 6.
The court further cited Smith v. Building Commr. of Brookline, 367 Mass. 765 (1975), as precedent allowing protection for a permit that had not "taken effect" in the technical sense, thereby supporting the view that non-effectiveness under § 11 does not preclude § 6 protection. The court also noted, although it was not necessary to decide the § 6 question, that the permit in this case was recorded before the cease and desist order and thus was "effective" under § 11 at the time the order issued.
On this basis, the Appeals Court concluded that the relevant saving event for § 6 protection occurred at issuance of the special permit in 1976, not at later recording, and therefore the Land Court's judgment denying § 6 protection was incorrect.
Holding and Implications
Holding: The judgment of the Land Court is reversed. The Appeals Court held that, under G.L. c. 40A, § 6, the issuance of a special permit (not its later recording) marks the beginning of protection from subsequent zoning changes as a prior nonconforming use.
Implications:
- Direct effect on the parties: The court's reversal means the 1976 special permit is treated as having triggered § 6 protection as of its issuance; the Land Court's ruling that CHL was prohibited from continuing landfill operations on the ground the permit was not recorded was reversed.
- The opinion relies on statutory interpretation of G.L. c. 40A, §§ 6 and 11, and on Smith v. Building Commr. of Brookline as supporting precedent. The court did not elaborate broader rulemaking beyond its interpretation that issuance suffices for § 6 protection in the circumstances presented.
Zoning, Issuance of permit, Nonconforming use or structure.
In a civil action appealing a building inspector's cease and desist order to a landfill operator on the ground that the landfill was a nonconforming use, as a matter of law, the issuance of a special permit to operate the landfill, rather than the recording of the permit, marked the beginning of protection from subsequent zoning changes as a prior nonconforming use.[118-119]
DOERFER, J.
The plaintiff, Cohasset Heights, Ltd. (CHL), held a special permit to operate a landfill which was issued but not recorded prior to first publication of notice of a public hearing on an adverse zoning change. A judge of the Land Court ruled that the permit thus did not qualify as a prior nonconforming use. We reverse and hold that under G.L.c. 40A, § 6, the relevant saving event occurred when the special permit issued and not when it was later recorded.
The case was decided by the judge on cross motions for summary judgment. The undisputed material facts were as follows. The Cohasset zoning board of appeals (board) voted on December 7, 1976, to grant a special permit to operate a landfill to one Tyeryar, the predecessor in title to CHL. The special permit was filed with the town clerk the next day, and no appeal was taken. Tyeryar did not, however, obtain a certified copy of the permit for recording (showing no appeal within the applicable time), and thus did not record the permit at that time. See G.L.c. 40A, §§ 9 and 11. He began operating a landfill promptly thereafter, and sold the property to CHL in 1982, which continued the landfill operations. In 1986, the zoning by-law of Cohasset was amended to create a water resource overlay district that would prohibit landfill operations on part of CHL's land. The special permit had not yet been recorded at that time.
There is no basis to the interveners' argument challenging the recital of the judge that CHL succeeded to the interest of Tyeryar in the permit.
There was litigation over the landfill operations thereafter for a number of years, none of which raised the issue of the failure to record the permit. On January 13, 1998, a citizens' group, upon discovering that the special permit had not been recorded, complained to the building inspector. CHL then promptly obtained the necessary certified copy from the town clerk and recorded the special permit on January 21, 1998. On January 26, 1998, the building inspector issued a cease and desist order on the grounds that the special permit was invalid because it had not been recorded. The board upheld the cease and desist order.
The controversy over the landfill has a lengthy history. In February, 1986, two months before the creation of the water resource district, Cohasset's building inspector reported that CHL had exceeded the parameters of the special permit by disposing of municipal solid waste. CHL appealed the building inspector's findings to the board. In May, 1986, the board ruled that the special permit was limited to the disposal of demolition material, and the building inspector ordered CHL to cease disposing of solid waste. CHL appealed. The board's decision was affirmed on appeal and later upheld by this court in Cohasset Heights, Ltd. v. Zoning Board of Appeals of Cohasset, 25 Mass. App. Ct. 1116 (1988). On June 6, 1988, CHL filed a complaint seeking a declaration that G.L.c. 40A, § 7, barred the town from preventing CHL from disposing of municipal solid waste in its landfill. The board counterclaimed, asserting that the special permit limits CHL to the disposal of rock, stumps, brickwork, and demolition debris. The board was awarded summary judgment on the grounds that CHL's claim was barred under principles of res judicata.
A judge of the Land Court, on the appeal of CHL, upheld the board's decision, ruling that the 1976 permit was not valid and that CHL was prohibited from continuing its landfill operations.
General Laws c. 40A, § 6, as inserted by St. 1975, c. 808, § 3, reads in relevant part:
"Except as hereinafter provided, a zoning ordinance or by-law shall not apply to structures or uses lawfully in existence or lawfully begun, or to a building or special permit issued before the first publication of notice of the public hearing on such ordinance or by-law . . ." (emphasis added).
Citing G.L.c. 40A, § 11, the judge ruled that although the permit had been issued in 1976, CHL's failure to record the permit was "fatal to § 6 protection." He further ruled that to qualify as a prior nonconforming use, the permit must be in effect on the relevant date (here, 1986). He stated that "[i]t would be anomalous if § 6 protection could be based on a special permit which had not gone into effect."
General Laws c. 40A, § 11, provides in relevant part: "Upon the granting of a variance or special permit, . . . the permit granting authority or special permit granting authority shall issue to the owner . . . a copy of its decision. . . . No variance or special permit . . . shall take effect until a copy of the decision . . . is recorded in the registry of deeds . . ." (emphasis added).
There is no merit in the interveners' argument that the permit had not issued because the town clerk had not provided a certified copy for recording.
In so ruling, the judge did not account for the fact that § 6 distinguishes between the two concepts of "issued" and "lawfully in existence." General Laws c. 40A, § 11, requires that a special permit be recorded in order to "take effect." But the fact that it has not taken effect does not mean that it has not been issued. Both logic and the language of § 11 dictate that a permit must be issued before it can be recorded. Under § 6, issuance alone qualifies a special permit as a prior nonconforming use.
Although not pertinent to consideration of § 6 protection, we note that the permit in this case was recorded before the cease and desist order was issued and was thus "effective" (subject to resolution of the present controversy) under G.L.c. 40A, § 11, at that time. Thus, this case does not present the "anomaly" of now permitting a use of land under a special permit which has not yet come into effect.
Moreover, there is precedent for the proposition that a permit which is not effective nevertheless may be protected as a prior nonconforming use. Smith v. Building Commr. of Brookline, 367 Mass. 765 (1975). There, a case involving an application for a building permit had been remanded to the zoning authorities for further consideration after a prior appeal. See Smith v. Board of Appeals of Brookline, 366 Mass. 197 (1974). The building permit provided no authority to build or occupy the structure in question while the case was on remand. In that sense, the permit had not "taken effect" (although recording was not required). A zoning change occurred during the time the case was on remand. The court held that the zoning change did not apply to the permit. Smith v. Building Commr. of Brookline, supra at 773-774. Thus, the court allowed a permit which had not taken effect nevertheless to qualify as a prior nonconforming use.
The case was decided under the statutory predecessors to the present G.L.c. 40A, which have not changed in any aspect material to this case.
The plain language of § 6 cannot be ignored. It clearly establishes that issuance of a special permit marks the beginning of protection as a prior nonconforming use from subsequent zoning changes.
In view of our decision, we need not reach the remainder of CHL's appellate claims.
Judgment reversed.
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