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SMITH v. WILLIAMS-ASH
Factual and Procedural Background
David and Melody Smith, parents and legal custodians of minors including Malake Dancer, filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Judy Williams-Ash, a social worker with Hamilton County Department of Jobs and Family Services ("Children's Services"). The Smiths claimed a violation of their procedural due process rights, asserting they were entitled to a hearing before the temporary removal of their children from their home. The children were removed pursuant to a voluntary "safety plan" agreed upon with Williams-Ash after inspections revealed unsanitary and dangerous conditions in the Smith home. The safety plan placed the children with friends nearby while the Smiths maintained close contact.
The safety plan expressly stated that signing was voluntary, custody did not change, and that the plan could end when the Smiths were able to protect their children without assistance. It also required the Smiths to notify their caseworker if they could no longer follow the plan. After agreeing to the plan, Williams-Ash investigated the Smiths' ability to care for the children. The Smiths allege they cleaned their home and repeatedly sought information about what was needed to regain custody but were ignored or threatened with permanent removal if they ceased cooperating. The safety plan was terminated and the children returned seventeen days after removal, two days after the Smiths filed suit.
Williams-Ash moved to dismiss based on qualified immunity, which was denied, leading to a first appeal. The appellate court dismissed substantive due process claims but affirmed denial of qualified immunity as the record did not include the safety plan, leading to the assumption there was no consent. The court invited Williams-Ash to renew the defense with a fuller record.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether the Smiths were entitled to a hearing before the removal of their children under their procedural due process rights when they consented to a voluntary safety plan.
- Whether the consent to the safety plan was truly voluntary or coerced, affecting the applicability of procedural due process protections.
- Whether Williams-Ash is entitled to absolute or qualified immunity for her actions in removing the children pursuant to the safety plan.
Arguments of the Parties
Appellants' (Smiths') Arguments
- The Smiths assert their procedural due process rights were violated because they were not afforded a hearing before the removal of their children.
- They argue that although they initially consented to the safety plan, their consent became involuntary during the plan due to Williams-Ash's alleged threats and refusal to return the children despite their efforts.
- The Smiths contend that repeated inquiries to Williams-Ash about the return of their children amounted to an implicit demand to revoke consent.
- They claim Williams-Ash's threats of jail and permanent loss of custody were improper and coercive, rendering their consent invalid.
- They maintain that their hiring of counsel and the prompt return of the children after filing suit demonstrate the agency lacked justification to detain the children further.
Appellee's (Williams-Ash's) Arguments
- Williams-Ash contends that the removal of the children was lawful because it was based on the Smiths' voluntary consent to the safety plan, which negated the need for a hearing.
- She argues that the safety plan was clearly voluntary and included explicit instructions for revocation, which the Smiths failed to follow.
- Williams-Ash relies on the reasoning in Dupuy v. Samuels, holding that voluntary consent to safety plans obviates the requirement for hearings.
- She asserts that any threats made were lawful enforcement of valid legal rights and not coercion.
- Williams-Ash also raises immunity defenses, claiming entitlement to qualified and absolute immunity for her conduct.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| Smith v. Williams-Ash, 173 Fed.Appx. 363 (6th Cir. 2005) | Denial of qualified immunity; procedural due process rights in removal of children. | Established that a violation of procedural due process rights was plausible absent consent; invited renewed qualified immunity defense with a fuller record. |
| Dupuy v. Samuels, 465 F.3d 757 (7th Cir. 2006) | Voluntary consent to safety plans removes the need for hearings before removal. | Adopted by majority to hold that no hearing is necessary when removal is pursuant to voluntary consent. |
| Farley v. Farley, 225 F.3d 658 (6th Cir. 2000) (unpublished) | Consent to safety plans may become involuntary during the course of the plan. | Discussed by both majority and dissent regarding whether ongoing consent was maintained; majority found no revocation, dissent found genuine issue of fact. |
| Kottmyer v. Maas, 436 F.3d 684 (6th Cir. 2006) | Parental liberty interest requires due process before termination of parental rights. | Confirmed the fundamental liberty interest at stake in parental custody cases. |
| Anh v. Levi, 586 F.2d 625 (6th Cir. 1978) | Notice and opportunity to be heard are necessary before parental rights termination. | Reiterated the procedural due process requirement before removal or termination of parental rights. |
| Flagg Bros. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149 (1978) | Requirements to state a § 1983 claim. | Outlined elements necessary for a claim under § 1983, applied to analyze Smiths' claim. |
| Holloway v. Brush, 220 F.3d 767 (6th Cir. 2000) | Scope of absolute immunity for social workers. | Used by dissent to argue Williams-Ash is not entitled to absolute immunity for administrative acts. |
| Scott v. Harris, 127 S.Ct. 1769 (2007) | Two-step qualified immunity inquiry. | Referenced by dissent to frame analysis of qualified immunity. |
| Hudson v. Hudson, 475 F.3d 741 (6th Cir. 2007) | Qualified immunity standards. | Referenced in qualified immunity analysis. |
| Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001) | Step one of qualified immunity: constitutional violation. | Referenced by dissent for qualified immunity framework. |
| Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194 (2004) | Step two of qualified immunity: clearly established right. | Referenced by dissent for qualified immunity framework. |
| Croft v. Westmoreland County Children Youth Servs., 103 F.3d 1123 (3d Cir. 1997) | Coercive conduct invalidating voluntary consent. | Used by dissent to illustrate example of coercive threats by social workers. |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
The court began by recognizing the Smiths' fundamental liberty interest in the custody of their children and the procedural due process protections that require notice and an opportunity to be heard before deprivation of parental rights. The district court had granted summary judgment in favor of Williams-Ash based on the Smiths' voluntary consent to the safety plan, which the court here affirmed.
The majority adopted the reasoning from Dupuy v. Samuels, holding that when parents voluntarily consent to a safety plan removing their children, no hearing is required because hearings are necessary only when deprivations are made over objection. The safety plan explicitly stated that signing was voluntary and provided a clear mechanism for revocation by contacting the caseworker.
The Smiths failed to revoke their consent as required by the plan and instead filed suit. Their repeated inquiries about the return of their children were not viewed as equivalent to an explicit revocation of consent. The court emphasized that mere dissatisfaction or frustration with the plan does not negate consent. The court distinguished this case from Farley, noting that the Smiths did not follow the plan's instructions to revoke consent and thus did not raise a genuine factual dispute about continuing consent.
Because the court resolved the case on the basis of voluntary consent and lack of revocation, it did not reach Williams-Ash's immunity arguments.
The dissent disagreed, arguing that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the Smiths' consent was voluntary initially and throughout the plan. The dissent pointed to allegations of improper threats by Williams-Ash that exceeded her legal authority, potentially constituting duress or coercion. The dissent also discussed the immunity issue, concluding that Williams-Ash was not entitled to absolute immunity and that qualified immunity should be considered on remand after factual determinations.
Holding and Implications
The court AFFIRMED the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Williams-Ash.
The direct effect of this decision is to uphold that parents who voluntarily consent to a safety plan removing their children are not entitled to a hearing prior to removal, provided they do not revoke consent as required by the plan. The ruling clarifies that procedural due process protections are not triggered by removals made pursuant to voluntary consent. No new precedent was set beyond affirming the application of existing principles regarding voluntary consent and procedural due process in child custody removals. The court did not address immunity due to resolution on consent grounds.
COOK, Circuit Judge.
David and Melody Smith filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Judy Williams-Ash — a social worker employed by the Hamilton County Department of Jobs and Family Services ("Children's Services") — claiming violation of their due process right to a hearing before the temporary removal of their children from their home. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Williams-Ash, holding that the Smiths were not entitled to a hearing because they consented to the removal of their children pursuant to a voluntary "safety plan." We agree and affirm.
I
David and Melody Smith are the parents of two minors and the legal custodians of another minor, Malake Dancer. The Smiths have custody of Malake — a nine-year-old who suffers from cerebral palsy and other disabilities — through a "kinship program" administered by Children's Services. Pursuant to this program, Richard Montifore, a Children's Services employee, inspected the Smith home in 2004. He found a home so "filthy" that he felt uncomfortable leaving Malake and the other, children in the house. Lori Patton — another social worker — viewed the residence and also concluded that the children needed to leave. Patton found dog feces under one child's bed and so much "clutter" in the house that, in her opinion, the children could not evacuate in the event of a fire.
These unsanitary and dangerous conditions spurred Montifore to call the police (the Smiths were later charged with and convicted of misdemeanor child endangerment). The next day, Children's Services assigned Williams-Ash to the case. She persuaded the Smiths to consent to a safety plan that removed the children from the Smiths' home and placed them with friends in the neighborhood. With the children in nearby homes, the Smiths maintained close contact — they visited, arranged outings, and drove the children to and from school.
The safety plan informed the Smiths, "[Y]our decision to sign this safety plan is voluntary," and read:
1. This safety plan is a specific agreement to help ensure your child(ren)'s safety.
2. The custody of your child(ren) does not change under this safety plan.
3. Children's Services is here to help you protect your child(ren) when you may not he able to do it on your own.
4. If you cannot or will not be able to continue following the plan, Children's Services may have to take other action(s) to keep your child(ren) safe.
5. The safety plan will end when you are able to protect your child(ren) without help from Children's Services.
6. This safety plan may be changed if new or different services are necessary.
7. You must contact your caseworker immediately if you decide that you, cannot or will not be able to continue following the plan.
As a part of ensuring the children's safety, the plan prohibited the Smiths from bringing the children to their home.
Once the parties agreed to the plan and placed the children in safe homes, Williams-Ash launched an investigation into the Smiths' long-term ability to care for the minors. Over the next two weeks, Williams-Ash interviewed the Smiths, the children, the children's doctors, the temporary caregivers, and the Smiths' therapist. She also re-inspected the Smiths' home.
The Smiths allege that during this time they cleaned their house and repeatedly asked Williams-Ash what else they needed to do to allow the children to return. They allege that Williams-Ash ignored their requests for information and threatened to permanently remove their children if they stopped cooperating. Though the record before the district court includes Williams-Ash's response regarding additional requirements necessary to permit the children's return, including doctors' reports about the state of the children's health, we take the Smiths' allegations to be true for purposes of summary judgment.
After two weeks, the Smiths filed this action against Williams-Ash in her individual capacity for violating their substantive and procedural due process rights. Children's Services terminated the safety plan two days later and returned the children — seventeen days after they were removed.
The Complaint also named Richard Montifore but the Smiths later dismissed the claim against him.
Williams-Ash moved the district court to dismiss, citing her right to qualified immunity. The denial of that motion precipitated the first appeal of this case. It resulted in a dismissal of the Smiths' substantive due process claims, and an affirmance of the denial of qualified immunity, because judging the Complaint only, it set up a violation of the Smiths' clearly established right to procedural due process. Smith v. Williams-Ash, 173 Fed.Appx. 363, 366-67 (6th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). Although Williams-Ash argued in her first appeal that the safety plan was voluntary, the panel assumed that Children's Services acted without the Smiths' consent because Williams-Ash failed to enter the plan into the record. Id. at 366. The court invited Williams-Ash to reassert her qualified immunity defense "based upon a more complete record." Id. at 367 n. 1.
II
This court reviews the grant of a motion for summary judgement de novo, Westfield Ins. Co. v. Tech Dry Inc., 336 F.3d 503, 506 (6th Cir. 2003), and will neither "make credibility determinations [nor] weigh the evidence," Adams v. Metiva, 31 F.3d 375, 384 (6th Cir. 1994) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). Instead, we "view the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Baker v. City of Hamilton, 471 F.3d 601, 603 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Little v. BP Exploration Oil Co., 265 F.3d 357, 361 (6th Cir. 2001)).
III
To state a viable 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, the Smiths must demonstrate that (1) they were deprived of a right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States and (2) the deprivation was caused by a person acting under color of state law. Flagg Bros. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 155, 98 S.Ct. 1729, 56 L.Ed.2d 185 (1978); Harbin-Bey v. Flutter, 420 F.3d 571, 575 (6th Cir. 2005). Here, no one disputes that Williams-Ash acted under the color of state law, only whether she deprived the Smiths of their right to procedural due process.
"[U]nder the [Fourteenth Amendment], the parent-child relation gives rise to a liberty interest that a parent may not be deprived of absent due process of law." Kottmyer v. Maas, 436 F.3d 684, 689 (6th Cir. 2006). "Notice and an opportunity to be heard are necessary before parental rights can be terminated." Anh v. Levi 586 F.2d 625, 632 (6th Cir. 1978).
Williams-Ash acknowledges that Children's Services removed the Smith children from their home without affording the Smiths a hearing. She insists, however, that she did not violate the Smiths' due process rights because she removed the children with the Smiths' consent.
We agree, adopting the reasoning set forth by Judge Posner in Dupuy v. Samuels, 465 F.3d 757 (7th Cir. 2006). In Dupuy, an appeal-challenging a preliminary injunction issued in a suit against Illinois's child welfare agency, the Seventh Circuit reviewed the constitutionality of voluntary safety plans similar to the one at issue here. The court held that when a parent voluntarily consents to a safety plan, "no hearing of any kind is necessary; hearings are required for deprivations taken over objection, not for steps authorized by consent." Id. at 761-62.
Although the parents in Dupuy argued that safety plans are inherently coercive when agencies force parents to sign the plan or face the threat of formal removal proceedings, the court found no fault in this strategy. "It is not a forbidden means of `coercing' a settlement," Judge Posner stated, "to threaten merely to enforce one's legal rights." Id. at 762. He analogized the agency's threat to a plaintiff's legitimate threat to press a case to trial in order to induce a defendant to settle. Id. The defendant's choice between accepting a settlement or risking a harsher outcome at trial "is a dilemma implicit in any settlement process. If there weren't a downside to refusing to settle, there would be no settlements." Id. at 761.
In this case, the Smiths remained in the safety plan voluntarily at all times. Although our dissenting colleague questions whether the Smiths were coerced into the plan, not even the Smiths argue that they involuntarily consented to enter into the plan. Bather, they only argue that they "were not allowed to recover their children after the Safety Plan had been initiated despite their best efforts," Appellants' Br. at 17 (emphasis in original), invoking the principle announced in Farley v. Farley that the consent given as part of a voluntary safety plan may become involuntary during the course of the plan. 225 F.3d 658, 2000 U.S.App. LEXIS 17580, at *5 (6th Cir. July 19, 2000) (unpublished). But here, in light of the Smiths' admitted failure to utilize the safety plan's clear, simple mechanism for rescinding the plan, they fail to raise a genuine issue of material fact with respect to their continuing consent to the plan.
In addition to informing the Smiths that their agreement with Children's Services relied on their voluntary participation ("[Y]our decision to sign this safety plan is voluntary"), the safety plan instructed the Smiths to inform Williams-Ash if they no longer wanted to participate ("You must contact your caseworker immediately if you decide that you cannot or will not be able to continue following the plan."). As the district court correctly concluded, the Smiths never alleged that they attempted to contact Williams-Ash — or anyone else at Children's Services — to revoke their consent. Rather than take this intuitive step, the Smiths retained counsel and sued for damages. Unsurprisingly, after Children's Services first received notice (through the lawsuit) that the Smiths renounced the safety plan, it promptly terminated the plan and returned the children to the Smiths' home.
The Smiths concede their failure to revoke pursuant to the plan's instruction to alert Williams-Ash. As they see it though, their repeated inquiries to Williams-Ash about both her investigation's length and what they needed to do to speed the children's return "amounted to the same thing" as an explicit demand to terminate the safety plan. Appellants' Br. at 15.
The plain-language form provided to the Smiths undercuts their argument. It told them to revoke their consent by advising their caseworker. To have opted out of the plan would have triggered consequences: Children's Services would either return the Smiths' children or seek to keep the children with their temporary caregivers by filing a civil complaint against the Smiths. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.353(A)(2) (authorizing Ohio's juvenile courts to award temporary custody of neglected children to a public services agency). Questioning about the timing of a procedure opted for to avoid the potential of a more onerous one — a formal custody proceeding — cannot tenably be viewed as equivalent to opting out. We do not doubt that the Smiths, as any parents likely would, resented the safety plan from the beginning. But mere displeasure and frustration fails to negate their consent. Rather than remind Williams-Ash of what she already knew — that they disliked the plan — the Smiths needed to explicitly withdraw the consent they explicitly gave, thus requiring Children's Services to either return the children or file a formal complaint against them. In light of their admitted failure to do so, the Smiths were not entitled to a hearing.
Given this conclusion, we do not reach Williams-Ash's arguments that absolute and qualified immunity shield her from liability.
IVFor these reasons, we affirm.
RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
Because I believe that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Smiths' consent to the safety plan was voluntary, I respectfully dissent.
I. CONSENT
There is no question that "the parent-child relationship gives rise to a fundamental liberty interest that a parent may not be deprived of absent due process of law," Kottmyer v. Maas, 436 F.3d 684, 689 (6th Cir. 2006), and that "notice and an opportunity to be heard are necessary before parental rights can be terminated." Anh v. Levi 586 F.2d 625, 632 (6th Cir. 1978). Although Williams-Ash acknowledges that Children's Services removed the three children in question without a hearing, she insists that she did not violate the Smiths' due process rights because they voluntarily consented to the removal of their children when they signed the safety plan. The Smiths, on the other hand, argue that they have presented sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether they voluntary consented to enter into the plan and whether their consent became involuntary during the course of the plan.
The majority contends that Dupuy v. Samuels, 465 F.3d 757 (7th Cir. 2006), a case involving the constitutionality of voluntary safety plans, is decisive here. I respectfully disagree. The parents in Dupuy argued that the state agency had coerced their consent by threatening to formally remove their children from them. No fault was found in this threat, however, because the agency had the valid legal authority to remove the children. Id., at 762-63. Noting that "[i]t is not a forbidden means of `coercing' a settlement to threaten merely to enforce one's legal rights," the court held that when a parent voluntarily enters into a safety plan, "no hearing of any kind is necessary [because] hearings are required for deprivations taken over objection, not for steps authorized by consent." Id., at 761-62.
The Dupuy decision, however, is distinguishable from the present case. Dupuy rests on the premise that the threat of action made by the state agency was grounded in proper legal authority and, therefore, the consent given by the parents was not coerced. Id. at 762-63. The court in Dupuy specifically found that the agency threatened to enforce only its valid legal right to initiate a formal custody proceeding against the parents. Id. at 761-62. Dupuy acknowledged, however, that consent garnered through misrepresentations or other wrongful means would be involuntary if it was "not grounded in proper legal authority" or granted as the result of "duress or extortion." Id. at 762-63.
In the present case, Melody Smith's affidavit provided sworn testimony that Williams-Ash made a number of threats that Williams-Ash had no legal right to make. Melody Smith specifically stated that Williams-Ash told the Smiths that (1) if they did not participate in the safety plan, they would be put in jail, (2) if they did not follow her instructions, "the children [would not] come home, period," (3) if the kids stepped foot in the Smiths' house, the Smiths would be put in jail and they would never get the kids back, and (4) if the Smiths attempted to withdraw from the safety plan, such withdrawal would result not only in formal custody proceedings against them, but they would be sent to jail.
Because imprisonment is not a permissible consequence of the failure to participate in a voluntary safety plan, Williams-Ash had no legal basis to make such threats. If the Smiths' allegations are true, then Williams-Ash's threats go beyond simply warning the Smiths that Children's Services would move forward to enforce a valid legal right. A jury could therefore conclude that the Smiths' participation in the safety plan was the result of forbidden "duress or extortion." Dupuy, 465 F.3d at 762; see also Croft v. Westmoreland County Children Youth Servs., 103 F.3d 1123, 1125 n. 1 (3d Cir. 1997) (finding the caseworker's conduct "blatantly coercive" in securing a parent's voluntary departure from the house by improperly threatening to place his four-year-old daughter in foster care).
Alternatively, the Smiths argue that, even if they are found to have originally agreed to the safety plan voluntarily, their consent became involuntary during the course of the plan. They assert that they "were not allowed to recover their children after the Safety Plan had been initiated despite their best efforts to do so," and that William-Ash "thwarted" their attempts to regain custody of their children. Specifically, the Smiths allege that Williams-Ash told them that if they did not obey the plan, she "would see to it that the children didn't come home, period," that she responded to their requests for the return of their children by telling them that they should just "enjoy their time alone without the kids," and that she told them that any attempt to withdraw from the voluntary plan would result in formal custody proceeding, jail, and loss of custody of the children.
This court in Farley v. Farley, 225 F.3d 658, 2000 U.S.App. LEXIS 17580 (6th Cir. July 19, 2000) (unpublished), found that consent given as part of a voluntary safety plan may become involuntary during the course of the plan. The mother in Farley voluntarily agreed to a safety plan that allowed her two children to stay with their father, but that left her with legal custody of the children during the course of the plan. Id. at *4. When the mother eventually sought the return of her children, the agency told her that it had 60 days to conduct the investigation and refused to return them. Id. at *5. Only after the mother sought the assistance of the district attorney were the children returned to her. Id. In considering whether the social worker was entitled to qualified immunity, the Farley court held that the mother's due process rights were clearly violated because her consent "was not voluntary during the entire time period involved." Id. at *14.
Like the mother in Farley, the Smiths claim that their consent became involuntary during the course of the plan. The district court declined to give their argument credence because, despite the Smiths' many attempts to secure the return of their children, they did not explicitly state that they could not or would not continue following the plan. The terms for withdraw stated in the safety plan, however, were somewhat vague. The plan stated only: "You must contact your caseworker immediately if you decide that you cannot or will not be able to continue following the plan."
The Smiths allege that they repeatedly contacted Williams-Ash as required by the terms of the safety plan, that they made repeated attempts to get specifics from Williams-Ash as to what they needed to do to recover their children, and assert that Williams-Ash threatened them with jail and permanent loss of custody if they withdrew from the plan. Their decision to hire an attorney to secure the return of their children also strongly suggests that their consent to the plan had become involuntary, and the fact that the children were returned to the Smiths two days after they filed a lawsuit, without any further investigation on the part of Children's Services, suggests that the agency may not have had good reason for continuing to detain the children. I therefore conclude that the Smiths have raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether they continued to consent to the safety plan, and that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to Williams-Ash on that ground.
II. IMMUNITY
Neither the majority opinion nor the district court reached the issue of whether Williams-Ash is entitled to absolute or qualified immunity. Because I believe that the Smiths' procedural due process claim should survive summary judgment, I must address the question of immunity. I conclude that Williams-Ash is not entitled to absolute immunity, but I would remand to the district court the question of whether she is entitled to qualified immunity.
This circuit has strictly tied absolute immunity to either in-court conduct or conduct that was otherwise "intimately associated" with the judicial process. Holloway v. Brush 220 F.3d 767, 774 (6th Cir. 2000). Social workers are therefore "absolutely immune only when they are acting in their capacity as legal advocates — initiating court actions or testifying under oath — not when they are performing administrative, investigative, or other functions." Id., 220 F.3d at 775. Because all of Williams-Ash's alleged conduct here occurred out of court, she functioned as a service provider and an investigator — not as an in-court advocate — and is therefore not entitled to absolute immunity.
As for qualified immunity, the Supreme Court requires the use of a two-step inquiry to decide whether a defendant is entitled to such immunity. Scott v. Harris, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 1774, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007); Hudson v. Hudson, 475 F.3d 741, 745 (6th Cir. 2007). The court must first consider whether the defendant's conduct violated a constitutional right of the plaintiff. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001). If a constitutional violation occurred, the court must then consider whether the violated right was clearly established at the time the violation occurred. Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198, 125 S.Ct. 596, 160 L.Ed.2d 583 (2004). Because, as discussed above, the question of whether William-Ash's conduct violated the Smiths' constitutional rights hinges on the factual question of whether the Smiths voluntarily consented to the safety plan, this issue should be initially resolved by the district court.
III. CONCLUSION
I believe that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the Smiths' initial and continuing consent to the safety plan was voluntary. I would therefore reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings.
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