WALKER v. CITY OF HUNTSVILLE

rt but that it barred relitigation of other issues that were decided by the federal court.

We note that dicta in Matthews v. Alabama A M, 787 So.2d 691, 696 (Ala. 2000), indicates that there can never be collateral estoppel or issue preclusion in a subsequent state-court proceeding when the federal court in a prior action declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state-law claims. None of the parties has cited Matthews, and we decline to follow its dicta because it fails to consider Roden, Lightfoot, and the sound reasoning set forth in Restatement (Second) of Judgments, § 28, quoted above.

Walker states, without citing authority or elaborating, that her state-law claims arise out of the same facts as do her § 1983 claims but that "the rule of law is not the same." Walker also states, again without citing authority or explaining further, that "collateral estoppel should not apply across the board and bar Walker's claims that were not decided with the application of state law by the federal district court that subsequently declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction and declined to rule on those issues." However, the critical question, as shown in Roden and Lightfoot, is whether the elements of collateral estoppel are satisfied — specifically whether an identical issue has been presented, litigated, and decided by the federal court. Wright and Miller explain:

"Identification of differences in legal standards and ensuing differences in the issues of law application is apt to be particularly easy when different legal systems are involved. Federal courts have often found that questions presented by federal law are different from questions decided under foreign law or state law. Determination of a state-law issue may be particularly unsuited for preclusion when federal law applies independent constraints to the role of state law. And, of course the laws of different states may give different meanings to the same legal terms, just as happens with federal and state law. At the same time, careful examination of the controlling legal principles may show that the standards are the same, or that the fact findings have the same effect under either standard, so that the same issue is presented by both systems of law. So long as the same issue is presented, preclusion is appropriate unless some special reason for relitigation arises from the nature of the relationship between federal courts and state or foreign courts."

18 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4417 (2d ed. 2002) (footnotes omitted; emphasis added) (citing Calhoun v. Franchise Tax Bd., 20 Cal.3d 881, 574 P.2d 763, 143 Cal.Rptr. 692 (1978) ("[T]he federal and state determinations of gross income [for purposes of federal and state income taxes] were sufficiently identical to warrant an estoppel.")). Therefore, so long as the elements of collateral estoppel are satisfied, the doctrine may apply. See Lee L. Saad Constr., 851 So.2d at 520.

Walker alleged six state-law claims based on arrest, detention, and prosecution. The federal court entered a summary judgment for the defendants on Walker's § 1983 claims based on an alleged unlawful arrest and excessive use of force in violation of the Fourth Amendment; an alleged unlawful denial of medical care in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment; and an alleged wrongful failure to train Department personnel to prevent the above violations. It is undisputed that the parties to the federal action and the state action are the same. The defendants argue that the federal court determined 1) that probable cause existed for Walker's arrest, 2) that the defendants' conduct was reasonable, and 3) that Watkins's use of force was reasonable and not excessive, and that these determinations prevent relitigation of issues that bar each of Walker's claims.

A. Probable Cause

In the federal court, the defendants raised the defense of qualified immunity. The federal court analyzed that defense using the two-step test stated in Andujar v. Rodriguez, 486 F.3d 1199, 1202-03 (11th Cir. 2007):

"[C]ourts apply a two-step test to determine whether qualified immunity is appropriate. First . . .: Taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right?' Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001). When a court answers this question affirmatively, the court moves to the second step, which is to consider whether the constitutional right was `clearly established' on the date of the violation. Id."

Regarding Walker's claim that her arrest violated Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, the federal court determined that her arrest — her seizure — was supported by probable cause and was therefore reasonable. Specifically, the federal court stated: "A warrantless arrest on a public street is reasonable and, therefore, lawful if it is supported by probable cause." The federal court defined probable cause, stating:

"[P]robable cause to effect an arrest exists if, at the moment the arrest was made, `the facts and circumstances [within the officers'] knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing' that the person arrested either had committed, or was in the process of committing an offense. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 228 (1991) (quoting Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964))."

The federal court then examined the evidence presented by Walker and by the defendants and concluded:

"Here, plaintiffs outward symptoms and the surrounding circumstances — e.g., the minor, one car accident, the pills located in plaintiffs purse, the absence of any obvious indication of serous injuries — would clearly suggest to a reasonable police officer that the plaintiff was either intoxicated or under the influence of some other substance. Indeed, both police officers at the scene and both third-party witnesses were united in this belief. Therefore, . . . the court is satisfied that Officer Watkins possessed actual probable cause to arrest plaintiff on suspicion of DUI."

As a result, the federal court concluded that Walker's arrest was not an unreasonable seizure. The defendants, therefore, were entitled to qualified immunity on Walker's § 1983 claim based on Fourth Amendment violations related to her arrest.

The question of probable cause, therefore, was actually litigated in the federal court and was necessary to its judgment regarding Walker's § 1983 claims. We must determine whether the question of probable cause under the federal court's analysis is identical to the issue to be determined in Walker's state-law claims.

Three of Walker's claims require proof of probable cause: malicious-prosecution, false imprisonment, and false arrest. Walker's malicious prosecution claim relates to her arrest and to the City's prosecution of the charges against her. As an element of this claim, Walker must show that "the defendant[s] acted without probable cause and with malice." Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Goodman, 789 So.2d 166, 174 (Ala. 2000). In Wal-Mart Stores, this Court stated:

"In malicious prosecution cases, `probable cause' is defined as `such a state of facts in the mind of the prosecutor as would lead a man of ordinary caution and prudence to believe or entertain an honest and strong suspicion that the person arrested is guilty.' Delchamps, Inc. v. Morgan, 601 So.2d 442, 445 (Ala. 1992) (citation omitted). Thus, the determination of probable cause does not hinge upon whether [the plaintiff] was in fact guilty . . ., but whether [the defendant's] subjective belief under the circumstances led her to believe that [the plaintiff] was guilty."

789 So.2d at 174. In substance, this question is identical to that decided by the federal court regarding the existence of probable cause for Walker's arrest. Accordingly, the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars relitigation of that issue, and Walker's malicious-prosecution claim is barred to the extent it relates to her arrest. However, because the federal court decided the question of probable cause only as it related to Walker's arrest, collateral estoppel does not preclude litigation of that claim as it relates to the City's prosecution of the charges against her.

Walker's false-imprisonment claim relates to her arrest and detention. Section 6-5-170, Ala. Code 1975, defines false imprisonment as "the unlawful detention of the person of another for any length of time whereby he is deprived of his personal liberty." In Upshaw v. McArdle, 650 So.2d 875 (Ala. 1994), this Court upheld a summary judgment for a defendant on a claim of false imprisonment related to an arrest because probable cause existed for the arrest and, therefore, the detention was not unlawful. For purposes of the false-imprisonment claim, this Court stated: "`"Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge and of which he has reasonable trustworthy information are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed."'" 650 So.2d at 878 (quoting Bush v. State, 523 So.2d 538, 543 (Ala.Crim.App. 1988), quoting in turn Knight v. State, 346 So.2d 478, 481 (Ala.Crim.App. 1977)). This question is also identical to that decided by the federal court. Accordingly, the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars relitigation of the issue, and Walker's false-imprisonment claim stemming from the arrest is barred.

Finally, Walker's claim of false arrest requires proof "that the defendant caused [her] to be arrested without probable cause." Higgins v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 512 So.2d 766 (Ala. 1987), overruled on other grounds, Drill Parts Serv. Co. v. Joy Mfg. Co., 619 So.2d 1280 (Ala. 1993). For purposes of false arrest, this Court has stated of probable cause:

"Thus, for a detention to be valid, the officer must reasonably, and in good faith, suspect the individual detained of being involved in some form of criminality. Fennell v. State, 51 Ala.App. 23, 282 So.2d 373, cert. denied, 291 Ala. 778, 282 So.2d 379 (1973). Reasonable ground for belief of guilt, or probable cause, `exists where the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge and of which he has reasonably trust-worthy information are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed.' Fennell, 51 Ala.App. at 29, 282 So.2d at 378."

Higgins, 512 So.2d at 768. The question of probable cause for purposes of Walker's claim of false arrest is, therefore, identical to that decided by the federal court. As a result, the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars relitigation of the issue, and Walker's false-arrest claim is barred.

The defendants argue that the federal court's finding of probable cause also bars Walker's invasion-of-privacy claim. However, that claim relates to the City's prosecution of Walker after it received notice of her medical condition. The federal court's finding of probable cause related only to Walker's arrest. Accordingly, the issues are not identical, and the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not bar Walker's invasion-of-privacy claim.

B. Reasonableness

The defendants next argue that the federal court determined that their conduct was reasonable and, therefore, that the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars Walker's claims of negligence and the tort of outrage because those claims require a finding of unreasonable and outrageous behavior, respectively. However, a close examination of the federal court's decision shows that it actually determined that Walker's arrest — her being taken into custody — was supported by probable cause and, therefore, that it was not an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment. Walker's negligence claim is based on her arrest, her 24-hour detention without medical care, and the City's and Chief Owens's alleged negligent failure to supervise and train Department employees. As to Walker's arrest and detention, she alleges that Watkins, Rosser, the detention officers, and, vicariously, the City, were negligent in not recognizing her medical symptoms and in not providing her with medical treatment. Accordingly, Walker must show that these defendants breached a duty to provide her medical treatment and that that breach proximately caused her injury or damage. See Ex parte Wild Wild West Social Club, Inc., 806 So.2d 1235, 1239-40 (Ala. 2001). The federal court's inquiry regarding reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a different issue from the defendants' reasonableness in failing to provide Walker with medical care. Similarly, Walker's state-law claim of negligent training and supervision relates to the provision of medical care both at the time of her arrest and her subsequent detention. The federal court determined that Walker's § 1983 claim against Chief Owens and the City based on a failure to train and supervise with respect to the arrest was precluded because probable cause existed for the arrest — a different issue. Accordingly, the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not bar Walker's negligence claim.

Walker bases her tort-of-outrage claim on her detention and subsequent prosecution. Walker's claim, therefore, presents different issues than those decided by the federal court regarding the reasonableness of Walker's arrest under the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, the doctrine of collateral estoppel does not bar Walker's tort-of-outrage claim.

C. Use of Force

The defendants argue that Walker is collaterally estopped from pursuing her assault and battery claim based on the federal court's determination that Watkins's use of force was not excessive and, therefore, did not violate the Fourth Amendment. The federal court based its determination on federal precedent that allows the use of reasonable or de minimus force during an arrest, citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989); Durruthy v. Pastor, 351 F.3d 1080, 1094 (11th Cir. 2003); Nolin v. Isbell, 207 F.3d 1253, 1255 (11th Cir. 2000); and Jones v. City of Dothan, 121 F.3d 1456, 1460 (11th Cir. 1997). Walker's complaint very generally states an assault and battery claim against all defendants. The only evidence relating to that claim relates to Watkins's use of force during Walker's arrest.

"The plaintiff in an action alleging assault and battery must prove `(1) that the defendant touched the plaintiff; (2) that the defendant intended to touch the plaintiff; and (3) that the touching was conducted in a harmful or offensive manner.'" Harper v. Winston County, 892 So.2d 346, 353 (Ala. 2004) (quoting Ex parte Atmore Cmty. Hosp., 719 So.2d 1190, 1193 (AJa. 1998)). However, this Court has stated: "In making the arrest, a police officer may use reasonable force and may be held liable only if more force is used than is necessary to effectuate the arrest." Franklin v. City of Huntsville, 670 So.2d 848, 852 (Ala. 1995), citing § 13A-3-27(a), Ala. Code 1975 ("A peace officer is justified in using that degree of physical force which he reasonably believes to be necessary, upon a person in order: (1) To make an arrest for a misdemeanor, violation or violation of a criminal ordinance . . . unless the peace officer knows that the arrest is unauthorized.").

The issue decided by the federal court is, therefore, identical to the issue raised by Walker's assault and battery claim. The issue was actually determined by the federal court and was necessary to its judgment on Walker's § 1983 claim alleging an excessive use of force. Therefore, the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars relitigation of this issue and, as a result, Walker's assault and battery claim.

The trial court, therefore, correctly entered a summary judgment on Walker's claims of malicious prosecution and false imprisonment to the extent they relate to Walker's arrest and on Walker's claims of false arrest and assault and battery. The doctrine of collateral estoppel does not preclude litigation of any issues related to Walker's claims of 1) malicious prosecution; 2) negligence regarding Walker's arrest and detention without medical care and the City's and Chief Owens's failure to train and supervise; 3) the tort of outrage regarding Walker's detention and prosecution; and 4) invasion of privacy regarding Walker's prosecution.

II. Spoliation

Walker contends that the trial court erred in entering a summary judgment on her claims because, she says, the defendants were guilty of spoliation and she was therefore entitled to adverse inferences of fact against them. This Court has stated:

We here deal with spoliation as the basis for an inference of guilt or negligence and not the separate doctrine of spoliation as the basis for a cause of action. See, e.g., Smith v. Atkinson, 771 So.2d 429 (Ala. 2000).

"Spoliation is an attempt by a party to suppress or destroy material evidence favorable to the party's adversary. May v. Moore, 424 So.2d 596, 603 (Ala. 1982). Proof of spoliation will support an inference of guilt or negligence. May, 424 So.2d at 603. One can prove spoliation by showing that a party purposefully or wrongfully destroyed a document that the party knew supported the interest of the party's opponent. Id."

Wal-Mart Stores, 789 So.2d at 176 (concluding that Wal-Mart was not entitled to a new trial based on spoliation because "nothing in the record show[ed] that [the plaintiff] knew that the [allegedly spoliated evidence] would be a key piece of evidence in her case, and Wal-Mart provided no evidence to show that [the plaintiff] intentionally destroyed [it] in order to inhibit Wal-Mart's case."). See also Williams v. Michelin Tire Corp., 496 So.2d 743, 746 (Ala. 1986) ("Plaintiffs also contend that the defendants purposely and wrongfully destroyed the tire. We are of the opinion that plaintiffs have failed to offer one shred of evidence that the tire was destroyed wrongfully. . . . [P]laintiffs have failed to offer any proof that anyone from [United Parcel Service, Inc.,] destroyed the tire to keep it from being used as evidence. Such naked allegations, without more, will not render the trial court's summary judgments improper.").

Walker, citing Vesta Fire Insurance Corp. v. Milam Co. Construction, Inc., 901 So.2d 84 (Ala. 2004), argues that, "as to the culpability issue, it is a reasonable-person test as to what the spoliator knew or `should have known' before disposing of the evidence." In Vesta, this Court applied the standards stated above and, as part of a detailed analysis, stated:

"The defendants do not argue that Vesta and Wausau acted with malicious intent in deciding what evidence to preserve, and the record, when viewed most favorably to Vesta and Wausau . . . reflects at most honest error in judgment and/or simple negligence. There is no showing that they allowed evidence that they knew, or should have known, would be favorable to the opposing parties in foreseeable litigation to be discarded. Classic spoliation involves the idea that the offending party `purposefully and wrongfully' destroyed evidence `he knew was supportive of the interest of his opponent.'"

901 So.2d at 96 (quoting May, 424 So.2d at 603). Nothing in this language suggests the availability of an inference contrary to the alleged spoliator on the issue of liability when the loss or destruction of the evidence is shown to be merely an act of negligence inconsistent with the standards of conduct expected of a reasonable person acting under similar circumstances.

In her principal brief on appeal, Walker argues generally that the defendants destroyed "jail records," "jail logs," and "numerous records." However, she specifically identifies only: 1) records showing the identity of the jail nurse on duty during Walker's detention; 2) the City's contract with a local hospital to obtain nursing services; 3) a medical questionnaire signed by Walker; and 4) a written record of the jail nurse's examination of Walker. The defendants argue primarily that Walker has not shown that this evidence ever existed. Similarly, the federal court, in addressing Walker's allegations of spoliation as it related to her § 1983 claims, noted significant questions as to whether the evidence ever existed and whether it was material to Walker's claims.

During the discovery process, three individuals who may have served as the jail nurse at the time of Walker's detention were found; however, none was positively identified as the nurse at the time. It is undisputed that Walker requested a copy of the contract that allegedly existed between the City and a local hospital regarding the jail nurse, but that neither the City nor the hospital could locate any such contract. One witness testified that Walker would have signed a copy of her medical questionnaire; however, another witness testified that the jail created and maintained only electronic copies of the record Walker sought. The witness who had once served as a jail nurse testified that inmate medical records were kept in filing cabinets in an exam room at the jail. However, she also testified that she did not always make written records of her contact with the inmates.

It is undisputed that the City has a duty to maintain its records. See §§ 36-12-2 and 41-13-23, Ala. Code 1975. It is also undisputed that on February 1, 2003, the administration of the jail was transferred from the City to Madison County. One witness described the transfer as "chaotic." Huntsville Police Lieutenant Sherry Jackson testified that she personally searched the Department's records, the jail records that were stored separately after the transfer, and the Department's electronic records for information relating to Walker. Lt. Jackson testified that she did not find anything the defendants had not already produced to Walker's counsel.

There is no evidence in the record showing that the defendants destroyed evidence purposefully or wrongfully or that the defendants knew that the evidence allegedly destroyed supported Walker's interests. See Wal-Mart Stores and Williams, supra. Accordingly, Walker has not shown spoliation on the part of the defendants that would render the trial court's entry of a summary judgment improper.

III. Immunity

The defendants argue that they are immune from liability on Walker's state-law claims under §§ 6-5-338 and 11-47-190, Ala. Code 1975. Section 6-5-338(a) states, in part: "Every peace officer, . . . shall have immunity from tort liability arising out of his or her conduct in performance of any discretionary function within the line and scope of his or her law enforcement duties." Section 11-47-190 applies to municipalities; it states, in part: "No city or town shall be liable for damages for injury done to or wrong suffered by any person or corporation, unless such injury or wrong was done or suffered through the neglect, carelessness, or unskillfulness of some agent, officer, or employee of the municipality engaged in work therefor and while acting in the line of his or her duty. . . ."

This Court has stated: "The restatement of State-agent immunity as set out in [ Ex parte] Cranman, 792 So.2d [392,] 405 [(Ala. 2000)], now governs the determination of whether a peace officer is entitled to immunity under § 6-5-338(a)." Ex parte City of Tuskegee, 932 So.2d 895, 904 (Ala. 2005). This Court in Cranman stated the test for State-agent immunity as follows:

"A State agent shall be immune from civil liability in his or her personal capacity when the conduct made the basis of the claim against the agent is based upon the agent's

"(1) formulating plans, policies, or designs; or

"(2) exercising his or her judgment in the administration of a department or agency of government, including, but not limited to, examples such as:

"(a) making administrative adjudications;

"(b) allocating resources;

"(c) negotiating contracts;

"(d) hiring, firing, transferring, assigning, or supervising personnel; or

"(3) discharging duties imposed on a department or agency by statute, rule, or regulation, insofar as the statute, rule, or regulation prescribes the manner for performing the duties and the State agent performs the duties in that manner; or

"(4) exercising judgment in the enforcement of the criminal laws of the State, including, but not limited to, law-enforcement officers' arresting or attempting to arrest persons; or

"(5) exercising judgment in the discharge of duties imposed by statute, rule, or regulation in releasing prisoners, counseling or releasing persons of unsound mind, or educating students.

"Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the foregoing statement of the rule, a State agent shall not be immune from civil liability in his or her personal capacity

"(1) when the Constitution or laws of the United States, or the Constitution of this State, or laws, rules, or regulations of this State enacted or promulgated for the purpose of regulating the activities of a governmental agency require otherwise; or

"(2) when the State agent acts willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond his or her authority, or under a mistaken interpretation of the law."

Cranman, 792 So.2d at 405. In Hollis v. City of Brighton, 950 So.2d 300, 309 (Ala. 2006), this Court modified category (4) of the Cranman test to state: "exercising judgment in the enforcement of the criminal laws of the State, including, but not limited to, law-enforcement officers' arresting or attempting to arrest persons, or serving as peace officers under circumstances entitling such officers to immunity pursuant to § 6-5-338(a), Ala. Code 1975."

"Additionally, this Court has stated:

"`This Court has established a "burden-shifting" process when a party raises the defense of State-agent immunity. Giambrone v. Douglas, 874 So.2d 1046, 1052 (Ala. 2003). In order to claim State-agent immunity, a State agent bears the burden of demonstrating that the plaintiffs claims arise from a function that would entitle the State agent to immunity. Giambrone, 874 So.2d at 1052; Ex parte Wood, 852 So.2d 705, 709 (Ala. 2002). If the State agent makes such a showing, the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show that the State agent acted willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, or beyond his or her authority. Giambrone, 874 So.2d at 1052; Wood 852 So.2d at 709; Ex parte Davis, 721 So.2d 685, 689 (Ala. 1998). "A State agent acts beyond authority and is therefore not immune when he or she `fail[s] to discharge duties pursuant to detailed rules or regulations, such as those stated on a checklist.'" Giambrone, 874 So.2d at 1052 (quoting Ex parte Butts, 775 So.2d 173, 178 (Ala. 2000)).'

" Ex parte Estate of Reynolds, 946 So.2d 450, 452 (Ala. 2006)."

Ex parte Yancey, 8 So.3d 299, 305 (Ala. 2008).

A. Officer Watkins and Officer Rosser

The only claim against Watkins and Rosser that survives our analysis of the availability of the doctrine of collateral estoppel is Walker's claim of negligence relating to their failure to recognize her symptoms at the time of her arrest and their failure to obtain medical treatment for her. It is undisputed that Watkins and Rosser are State agents. Watkins and Rosser argue that their actions fall within the fourth (as modified by Hollis) and fifth categories identified by Cranman: "exercising judgment in the enforcement of the criminal laws of the State, including, but not limited to, law-enforcement officers' arresting or attempting to arrest persons, or serving as peace officers under circumstances entitling such officers to immunity pursuant to § 6-5-338(a)" and "exercising judgment in the discharge of duties imposed by statute, rule, or regulation in releasing prisoners, counseling or releasing persons of unsound mind, or educating students." See Cranman and Hollis, supra.

Chief Owens testified that, in making DUI arrests, the Department's police officers like Watkins and Rosser based the decision to arrest on their observations and experience. A written directive of the Department stated: "Any prisoner who is injured prior to or during an arrest will not be transported to the City detention facility until he/she has been transported to and offered treatment at an approved medical facility." The directive defined the term "injury" as a broken bone, a cut requiring stitches, or "any other injury or condition a supervisor or detention facility officer determines must be treated." Chief Owens testified that the decision to transport an individual to the hospital instead of to jail lies with the arresting officer. He also testified that there was no directive or guideline, other than that stated above, detailing when an officer should transport an individual to the hospital instead of the jail.

In her principal brief on appeal, Walker argues that Watkins violated the Department's written directive No. 101-13 regarding the use of force. However, that directive has not been made a part of the record on appeal. Additionally, it is not material to the facts upon which Walker bases her negligence claim, i.e., Watkins's failure to provide her with medical care.

Based on this evidence, it is apparent that, in determining whether Walker needed medical attention, Watkins and Rosser were not discharging duties pursuant to detailed rules, regulations, or checklists. See Yancey, supra. They were, instead, exercising judgment with respect to Walker's arrest and performing a discretionary function in the line and scope of their law-enforcement duties within the meaning of § 6-5-338. Watkins and Rosser, therefore, have shown that they are entitled to State-agent immunity under the fourth area identified in Cranman.

The burden then, shifts to Walker to present evidence indicating that Watkins and Rosser acted willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, or beyond their authority. No evidence in the record shows that they did so. Accordingly, Walker has not met her burden, and Watkins and Rosser are immune from liability on Walker's negligence claim relating to their failure to recognize her symptoms at the time of her arrest and their failure to obtain medical treatment for her.

B. The City's Liability for the Conduct of Officer Watkins and Officer Rosser

This Court has stated: "under principles of vicarious liability, where a municipal employee enjoys immunity, the municipality likewise is immune as to claims based on the employee's conduct." City of Bayou La Batre v. Robinson, 785 So.2d 1128, 1131 (Ala. 2000). Therefore, because Watkins and Rosser are immune, the City is also immune from liability on Walker's claims against it based on their acts. The trial court, therefore, correctly entered a summary judgment in favor of Watkins, Rosser, and the City as to Walker's claims related to the failure of its employees, Watkins and Rosser to recognize her symptoms at the time of her arrest and their failure to obtain medical treatment for her.

C. Chief Owens

The only claim remaining against Chief Owens is a claim alleging that he negligently failed to train and supervise Department employees including Watkins, Rosser, and the jail personnel. It is undisputed that Chief Owens is a State agent for purposes of the Cranman analysis. Walker's claims relate directly to Chief Owens's "formulating plans, policies, or designs;" and "exercising his . . . judgment in the administration of a department or agency of government, including, but not limited to, . . . hiring, firing, transferring, assigning, or supervising personnel"; therefore, Chief Owens's actions fall squarely within the first two categories identified in Cranman. Chief Owens has, therefore, shown that he is entitled to immunity. The burden then shifts to Walker to show that Chief Owens acted willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, or beyond his authority. No evidence in the record supports such a finding. Accordingly, Chief Owens is immune from liability on Walker's claim against him for negligence in failing to train or supervise Department employees. The trial court, therefore, correctly entered a summary judgment in favor of Chief Owens on Walker's claim of negligent failure to train and/or supervise.

D. The City's Liability for the Conduct of Chief Owens

As a result of our determination that Chief Owens is immune from liability on Walker's claim against him alleging negligence in failing to train or supervise Department employees, the City likewise is immune from liability on Walker's claims based on Chief Owens's conduct. See City of Bayou La Batre. The trial court, therefore, correctly entered a summary judgment in favor of the City on Walker's claim alleging Chief Owens's negligent failure to train and/or supervise.

E. The City's Liability for Acts of Detention Personnel

Walker asserts additional claims against the City based on the acts of the detention officers and the jail nurse on duty during Walker's detention. Regarding the detention officers and the jail nurse, Walker argues that the trial court erred in considering the City's second motion for a summary judgment addressing the claims related to them because, she argues, the motion was untimely. The parties dispute whether that second motion related to a new issue raised in Walker's reply to the City's first motion for a summary judgment or to issues Walker had previously argued. In any event, the transcript of the summary-judgment hearing shows that, although Walker objected, her counsel responded to the substance of the City's arguments. Additionally, the trial court twice asked Walker's counsel whether she wanted more time to respond in writing to the City's second motion, but Walker's counsel did not respond affirmatively. In its order, the trial court concluded that Walker "had adequate time to address the issues in the [City's] second motion for summary judgment and had amply addressed those same issues in her opposition brief filed [previously]."

This Court has stated: "It is . . . well settled `that a party may not induce an error by the trial court and then attempt to win a reversal based on that error. "A party may not predicate an argument for reversal on `invited error,' that is, `error into which he has led or lulled the trial court."' Mobile Infirmary Med. Ctr. v. Hodgen, 884 So.2d 801, 808 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Atkins v. Lee, 603 So.2d 937, 945 (Ala. 1992), quoting in turn Dixie Highway Express, Inc. v. Southern Ry., 286 Ala. 646, 651, 244 So.2d 591, 595 (1971))."

White Sands Group, LLC. v. PRS II, LLC, 998 So.2d 1042, 1057 (Ala. 2008). If the trial court erred in considering the City's second summary-judgment motion, Walker invited that error by failing to ask the trial court for more time to respond when she had the opportunity to do so. We will not reverse the trial court's judgment on this ground.

We note that Walker did not name either the detention officers or the jail nurse as defendants in this action. However, this Court has stated:

"The vicarious liability of a putative master under the rule of respondeat superior depends upon the liability of the putative servant. See Larry Terry Contractors, Inc. v. Bogle, 404 So.2d 613, 614 (Ala. 1981) . . .; Franklin v. City of Huntsville, 670 So.2d 848 (Ala. 1995) (holding that a city could not be held vicariously liable for the act of a magistrate who was immune from liability). Thus, if a putative servant is not liable, either because he is innocent or because he is immune, no liability exists to be visited upon the putative master under the rule of respondeat superior. Id."

Hollis, 885 So.2d at 141-42. See also City of Bayou La Batre, supra. Therefore, because the liability of a master, in this case the City, is contingent on the liability of its servants, i.e., the detention officers and the jail nurse, we will consider whether those agents would be entitled to State-agent immunity under Cranman if they had been named as defendants.

1. The Detention Officers

Walker alleges against the City claims of negligence, and the tort of out-rage based on the acts of the detention officers, specifically based on the detention officers' failure to provide Walker with medical care. Walker argues that the detention officers are not peace officers within the meaning of § 6-5-338(a), Ala. Code 1975, because, she argues, they were not police officers and did not have the powers listed in § 6-5-338(a). To support this argument, Walker relies on Ex parte Shelley, 53 So.3d 887 (Ala. 2009), and Howard v. City of Atmore, 887 So.2d 201 (Ala. 2003).

Section 6-5-338(a) states in full:

"Every peace officer, except constables, who is employed or appointed pursuant to the Constitution or statutes of this state, whether appointed or employed as such peace officer by the state or a county or municipality thereof, or by an agency or institution, corporate or otherwise, created pursuant to the Constitution or laws of this state and authorized by the Constitution or laws to appoint or employ police officers or other peace officers, and whose duties prescribed by law, or by the lawful terms of their employment or appointment, include the enforcement of, or the investigation and reporting of violations of, the criminal laws of this state, and who is empowered by the laws of this state to execute warrants, to arrest and to take into custody persons who violate, or who are lawfully charged by warrant, indictment, or other lawful process, with violations of, the criminal laws of this state, shall at all times be deemed to be officers of this state, and as such shall have immunity from tort liability arising out of his or her conduct in performance of any discretionary function within the line and scope of his or her law enforcement duties."

(Emphasis added.)

In Shelley, this Court determined that a sheriffs jailer was not entitled to State immunity as an alter ego of a constitutional officer under § 14 of the Alabama Constitution of 1901. This Court did not address whether a municipal detention officer may be entitled to State-agent immunity under Cranman. Therefore, this Court's decision in Shelley has no bearing on the question Walker presents in this case.

In Howard, this Court determined that a city police officer who was working as a "jailer/dispatcher" was performing law-enforcement duties. In a footnote, this Court expressly declined to answer the question "whether the immunity afforded by § 6-5-338(a) applies to a city-jail guard who is not a regular municipal police officer." 887 So.2d at 204 n. 1. We now hold that a municipal jailer who lacks the authority of a police officer cannot claim immunity under concepts applicable to the immunity of a State agent under § 6-5-338(a), which requires that the individual be "empowered by the laws of this state to execute warrants, to arrest and to take into custody persons who violate, or who are lawfully charged by warrant, indictment, or other lawful process, with violations of, the criminal laws of this state." The detention officers in this proceeding, unlike the jailer in Howard, did not, according to the evidence before us, have such authority. We conclude that the detention officers at the City's jail are not entitled to immunity as peace officers under § 6-5-338(a) or as State agents under Cranman.

2. The Jail Nurse

Walker asserts a claim of negligence against the City based on the actions of the jail nurse. The defendants argue that the jail nurse is entitled to State-agent immunity under Cranman. Walker argues that the jail nurse was not entitled to State-agent immunity, citing Wilson v. Manning, 880 So.2d 1101 (Ala. 2003). Although there was some question regarding whether the jail nurse was employed by the City or by a local hospital, none of the evidence in the record shows that the jail nurse was an employee of the State. The record on appeal contains little evidence regarding the duties of the jail nurse. Of that evidence, nothing shows that the jail nurse was employed or appointed as a peace officer or that he or she exercised the duties of a peace officer identified in § 6-5-338(a), such as the enforcement of or the investigation of criminal laws. See note 6, supra. The jail nurse, therefore, was not a State employee, nor was he or she an officer of the State under 6-5-338. Accordingly, the jail nurse is not entitled to immunity as a peace officer under § 6-5-338(a) or as a State agent under Cranman.

F. Additional Claims Against the City

Walker asserts three final claims against the City: malicious prosecution, the tort of outrage, and invasion of privacy, all based on the City's continued prosecution of Walker after she provided proof of her medical condition. All three claims alleging intentional torts are barred under § 11-47-190, which limits the liability of a municipality to injuries "suffered through the neglect, carelessness, or unskillfulness of some agent."

In Neighbors v. City of Birmingham, 384 So.2d 113 (Ala. 1980), this Court held that a city could not be held liable for malicious prosecution. The Court reasoned: "Section 11-47-190 remains the pertinent legislative enactment. It limits the liability of municipalities to injuries suffered through `neglect, carelessness or unskillfulness.' To construe that language to include an action for malicious prosecution would be to expand the words beyond their normal meaning. This we decline to do." 384 So.2d at 114. This Court expressly affirmed that holding in Franklin v. City of Huntsville, 670 So.2d 848, 852 (Ala. 1995) ("This court therefore affirms the holding of Neighbors . . . that a municipality is immune from a malicious prosecution claim. . . ."). Accordingly, under § 11-47-190, the City cannot be held liable on Walker's claim of malicious prosecution, and the trial court correctly entered a summary judgment for the City on that claim.

Regarding the tort of outrage, this Court has stated:

"In order to recover, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant's conduct `(1) was intentional or reckless; (2) was extreme and outrageous; and (3) caused emotional distress so severe that no reasonable person could be expected to endure it.' Green Tree Acceptance, Inc. v. Standridge, 565 So.2d 38, 44 (Ala. 1990)"

Potts v. Hayes, 771 So.2d 462, 465 (Ala. 2000). The tort of outrage is, therefore, an intentional tort. Because the City, under § 11-47-190, may be liable only for acts of neglect, carelessness or unskillfulness, the trial court correctly entered a summary judgment for the City on Walker's tort-of-outrage claim.

Finally, it is undisputed that Walker's claim of invasion of privacy is based on the City's allegedly putting her in a false light by proceeding with its prosecution of her.

"This Court has stated the following regarding a claim of invasion of privacy by putting one in a false light:

"`"`One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if

"`"`(a) the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and

"`"`(b) the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be placed."'"

" Butler v. Town of Argo, 871 So.2d 1, 12 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Schifano v. Greene County Greyhound Park, Inc., 624 So.2d 178, 180 (Ala. 1993), quoting in turn Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652E (1977))."

S.B. v. Saint James School, 959 So.2d 72, 79 (Ala. 2006) (emphasis added). Because this claim requires proof that the City's agent acted knowingly or recklessly, it also falls outside those acts of neglect, carelessness, or unskillfulness for which the City may be liable under § 11-47-190. Accordingly, the trial court correctly entered a summary judgment in the City's favor on this claim as well.

Based on the foregoing, the City is not immune from liability on Walker's claim against it based on the alleged negligence of the jail nurse. However, Walker's remaining claims against the City, Chief Owens, and Officers Watkins and Rosser are barred under the doctrines of State-agent and municipal immunity, and the trial court correctly entered a summary judgment on those claims.

IV. Sufficiency of the Evidence as to Claims Not Barred by Immunity

The trial court entered a summary judgment on all claims, including Walker's claim against the City based on the alleged negligence of the detention officers and the jail nurse. Because, as previously noted, the City is not entitled to assert the defense of immunity as to claims stemming from the conduct of the detention officers and the jail nurse, resolution of the appeal as to this claim involves substantive principles of tort law.

In her principal brief on appeal, Walker fails to cite authority regarding the substantive principles of tort law applicable to her claim — either general principles of negligence applicable to the detention officers or more specific principles of medical negligence as might be applicable to the jail nurse. Walker cites cases for the proposition that mental-anguish damages are available to her. See Slack v. Stream, 988 So.2d 516 (Ala. 2008), and Horton Homes, Inc. v. Brooks, 832 So.2d 44 (Ala. 2001). However, she cites no authority to support the antecedent proposition that the detention officers and the jail nurse are liable to her for such damages.

In her reply brief, Walker cites two cases regarding the general proposition that the existence of proximate causation is generally a question for a jury: Swanstrom v. Teledyne Continental Motors, Inc., 43 So.3d 564 (Ala. 2009), and Norris v. City of Montgomery, 821 So.2d 149 (Ala. 2001). However, we do not consider the argument presented for the first time in the reply brief. See Lloyd Noland Hosp. v. Durham, 906 So.2d 157, 173 (Ala. 2005) ("It is a well-established principle of appellate review that we will not consider an issue not raised in an appellant's initial brief, but raised only in the reply brief.").

This Court has stated:

"Rule 28(a)(10), Ala. R.App. P., requires that arguments in an appellant's brief contain `citations to the cases, statutes, other authorities, and parts of the record relied on.' Further, `it is well settled that a failure to comply with the requirements of Rule 28(a)(10) requiring citation of authority in support of the arguments presented provides this Court with a basis for disregarding those arguments.' State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Motley, 909 So.2d 806, 822 (Ala. 2005) (citing Ex parte Showers, 812 So.2d 277, 281 (Ala. 2001)). This is so, because "` it is not the function of this Court to do a party's legal research or to make and address legal arguments for a party based on undelineated general propositions not supported by sufficient authority or argument. "`Butter v. Toum of Argo, 871 So.2d 1, 20 (Ala. 2003) (quoting Dykes v. Lane Trucking, Inc., 652 So.2d 248, 251 (Ala. 1994))."

Jimmy Day Plumbing Heating, Inc. v. Smith, 964 So.2d 1, 9 (Ala. 2007) (emphasis added). Walker has not supported her arguments regarding the sufficiency of the evidence of her negligence claim with citation to authority as required by Rule 28, Ala. R.App. P. Accordingly, Walker has not shown that the trial court erred in entering a summary judgment as to her claim against the City for the alleged negligence of the detention officers and the jail nurse.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, the trial court correctly entered a summary judgment for the defendants as to all of Walker's state-law claims. We, therefore, affirm the trial court's judgment.

AFFIRMED.

COBB, C.J., and WOODALL, STUART, SMITH, BOLIN, PARKER, and SHAW, JJ., concur.

MURDOCK, J., concurs in the rationale in part and concurs in the result.