- Bookmark
- Share
- CaseIQ
SOUNDARAJAN v. STATE REP. THE INSPECTOR OF POLICE VIGILANCE ANTICORRUPTION DINDIGUL
Factual and Procedural Background
The appellant, a Sub-Registrar at Kannivadi, Dindigul District (Tamil Nadu), was tried for allegedly demanding and accepting a bribe of Rs. 500 from the complainant (PW-2) in connection with handing over a registered sale deed. A trap organised by the Anti-Corruption Unit on 13 August 2004 resulted in the appellant being caught with the marked currency in the presence of a shadow witness (PW-3). The trial court convicted the appellant under Section 7 and Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and sentenced him to one year’s imprisonment and a fine of Rs 2,000. The High Court affirmed the conviction and sentence. The present judgment arises from the appellant’s further appeal, challenging both the evidentiary foundation of the conviction and the adequacy of the charge framed by the Special Court.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether the prosecution proved, beyond reasonable doubt, a demand and acceptance of illegal gratification—requirements essential for conviction under Section 7 and Section 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act.
- Whether omission to frame a specific charge regarding the alleged demands on 6 August 2004 and 13 August 2004, and acceptance on 13 August 2004, vitiated the entire trial under Section 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Arguments of the Parties
Appellant's Arguments
- No charge was framed concerning the alleged demands on 6 August 2004 or 13 August 2004; the sole charge related to 12 July 2004, when even the prosecution admitted no demand occurred.
- The defective charge caused grave prejudice, preventing proper defence.
- The complainant (PW-2) turned hostile and denied any demand; the shadow witness (PW-3) did not testify to a specific demand for gratification. Without proof of demand, offences under Sections 7 and 13 could not stand.
State's Arguments
- Under Section 464 CrPC, a defect or omission in the charge is not fatal unless the accused shows actual prejudice; none was demonstrated here.
- Reliance on judicial precedents (Mohan Singh v. State of Bihar; Union of India v. Ex-GNR Ajeet Singh; Neeraj Dutta v. State (NCT of Delhi)) to contend that circumstantial evidence can establish demand and that an error in the charge is curable.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| Mohan Singh v. State of Bihar (2011) 9 SCC 272 | Addresses the effect of defects or omissions in framing charges under Section 464 CrPC. | Cited by the State; the Court accepted the general principle that omission is not fatal absent actual prejudice. |
| Union of India v. Ex-GNR Ajeet Singh (2013) 4 SCC 186 | Similar principle concerning curability of charge defects under Section 464 CrPC. | Referenced in argument; the Court agreed that omission alone does not warrant acquittal when no prejudice is shown. |
| Neeraj Dutta v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1724 (Constitution Bench) | (i) Demand and acceptance are sine qua non for offences under Section 7. (ii) Presumption under Section 20 arises only after demand and acceptance are proved; circumstantial evidence can suffice. |
Relied upon by both sides; the Court used it to reaffirm that, absent proof of demand, conviction under Sections 7 and 13 cannot stand. |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
1. Requirement of Demand and Acceptance: Relying on the Constitution Bench in Neeraj Dutta, the Court reiterated that proof of both demand and acceptance of gratification is indispensable. The complainant (PW-2) recanted, explicitly denying any demand; crucially, he was not confronted with his prior complaint to establish contradictions. The shadow witness (PW-3) merely testified that the appellant “asked whether he had brought the amount” but did not speak of a specific demand for gratification. The Court held that this fell short of the statutory requirement.
2. Absence of Circumstantial Evidence: The record revealed no corroborative circumstances demonstrating solicitation of illegal gratification. Consequently, Section 20’s presumption could not be invoked.
3. Effect of Defective Charge: The charge framed referred only to a demand on 12 July 2004. While this was a clear omission regarding later alleged demands and acceptance, the Court, invoking Section 464 CrPC and precedent, found no actual prejudice: the defence cross-examined witnesses on the very facts forming the omitted charges, demonstrating full awareness of the prosecution case. Therefore, the defect did not by itself mandate acquittal.
4. Prosecutorial and Judicial Lapses: The Court criticised the “casual” framing of charges and reminded trial courts and public prosecutors of their duty to be meticulous, warning that similar lapses could, in other cases, necessitate a remand or lead to acquittal.
Holding and Implications
ACQUITTAL: The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the concurrent findings of the trial court and High Court, and acquitted the appellant of all charges. The appellant’s bail bonds were ordered to stand cancelled.
Implications: The decision directly exonerates the appellant and reiterates established principles: a conviction under the Prevention of Corruption Act cannot be sustained without clear proof of both demand and acceptance of gratification, and although defects in charges are curable, prosecutorial diligence remains essential. No new legal precedent was created, but the judgment reinforces existing standards for proof in corruption cases and underscores procedural vigilance in framing charges.
Abhay S. Oka, J.:—
1. The appellant was convicted for the offences punishable under Section 7 and Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (for short, ‘the PC Act’). The appellant was sentenced to undergo imprisonment for one year and to pay a fine of Rs. 2,000/-. High Court, by the impugned judgment, has confirmed the conviction and sentence of the appellant.
2. The appellant was holding the post of Sub-Registrar at Kannivadi, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. The complainant M. Sundaramoorthy (PW-2), had purchased land measuring 16.05 cents. Accordingly, on 12 July 2004, sale deed was presented before the appellant who was the Sub-Registrar in the concerned office. The complainant and his vendors were present. According to the case made out by the complainant in his complaint, apart from getting the sale deed typed on a stamp paper of Rs. 880/-, he paid a sum of Rs. 190/- towards the registration charges of the sale deed. A receipt for the said amount was issued by the appellant. On 16 July 2004, when the complainant visited the appellant's office, he was informed to bring FMB Sketch from the concerned Government office. According to the complainant, on 31 July 2004, the said sketch was produced by him. After the sketch was produced, the appellant informed him that he would have to make a site visit. Accordingly, the complainant arranged for transport for the appellant to enable him to make a site visit. After noticing trees on the land, the appellant instructed the complainant to get a TOPO Sketch from the concerned office to show that the land subject matter of sale was cultivable. Thereafter, the complainant obtained requisite documents and handed over the same to the appellant on 6 August 2004 at 11.30 am. According to the complainant, at that time, the appellant demanded gratification of Rs. 500/- for handing over the registered sale deed. As the complainant was not willing to give gratification, on 11 August 2004, he filed a complaint with the Inspector of Police of the Anti-Corruption Unit.
3. Based on the complaint, a trap was laid on 12 August 2004, which was unsuccessful. According to the prosecution case, the trap was again laid on 13 August 2004. It was successful, and in the presence of the shadow witness Michael (PW-3), the appellant was caught red-handed while accepting the bribe.
4. The prosecution examined 12 witnesses. PW-1 N. Dhanam Jeyan was examined to prove the sanction order. As stated earlier, PW-2 M. Sundaramoorthy is the complainant and PW-3 Michael is the shadow witness. No other witness is relevant for proving the alleged demand made by the appellant. The complainant (PW-2) did not support the prosecution and was declared as hostile. The appellant examined two defence witnesses, S. Kathiresan and Kalaiselvi to bring on the record audit report of the office in which the appellant was working and a circular issued by the Inspector General of Registration, which required the Sub-Registrar to visit a land subject matter of sale deed for ascertaining its valuation.
SUBMISSIONS
5. The learned senior counsel Mr. S. Nagamuthu, appearing for the appellant, submitted that there was no charge framed as regards the demands made on 6 August 2004 and 13 August 2004. Inviting our attention to the first charge framed by the Special Court, he urged that the charge is about the alleged demand made on 12 July 2004 when the sale deed was registered. He submitted that even according to the prosecution case, there was no demand made on 12 July 2004 at the time of the registration of the sale deed. He submitted that because of this material defect in the charge and omission to frame a proper charge regarding demand allegedly made on 6 August 2004 and 13 August 2004, grave prejudice has been caused to the appellant, who could not defend himself properly.
6. The learned senior counsel for the appellant submitted that, in any event, the complainant had not supported the prosecution, and the shadow witness (PW-3) did not depose that in his presence there was any demand of the sum of Rs. 500/- by the appellant for returning the sale deed to the complainant. He urged that the offence punishable under Section 7 was not made out without proof of demand. He urged that as no offence was made out under Section 7, even the offence under clause (d) of sub-section (1) of Section 13 was not established.
7. Dr. Joseph Aristotle, the learned counsel representing the State Government, submitted that in view of Section 464 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (for short ‘CrPC’), no defect or omission in the framing of charge is fatal to the prosecution case unless any prejudice caused due to the said omission or failure of justice is established by the accused. He submitted that, in this case, prejudice has not been shown.
8. He relied on this Court's decisions in the cases of Mohan Singh v. State of Bihar (2011) 9 SCC 272 and Union of India v. Ex-GNR Ajeet Singh (2013) 4 SCC 186. The learned counsel lastly relied upon a decision of the Constitution Bench in the case of Neeraj Dutta v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1724 for submitting that a demand for gratification can be established even on the basis of circumstantial evidence.
FINDING ON PROOF OF DEMAND
9. We have considered the submissions. It is well settled that for establishing the commission of an offence punishable under Section 7 of the PC Act, proof of demand of gratification and acceptance of the gratification is a sine qua non. Moreover, the Constitution Bench in the case of Neeraj Dutta 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1724 has reiterated that the presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act can be invoked only on proof of facts in issue, namely, the demand of gratification by the accused and the acceptance thereof.
10. As stated earlier, complainant PW-2 has not supported the prosecution. He has not said anything in his examination-in-chief about the demand made by the appellant. The public prosecutor cross-examined PW-2. The witness stated that there was no demand of a bribe made by the appellant. According to him, he filed a complaint as the return of the sale deed was delayed. Though PW-2 accepted that he had filed the complaint, in the cross-examination, he was not confronted with the material portions of the complaint in which he had narrated how the alleged demand was made. The public prosecutor ought to have confronted the witness with his alleged prior statements in the complaint and proved that part of the complaint through the concerned police officer who had reduced the complaint into writing. However, that was not done.
11. Now, we turn to the evidence of the shadow witness (PW-3). In the examination-in-chief, he stated that the appellant asked the PW-2 whether he had brought the amount. PW-3 did not say that the appellant made a specific demand of gratification in his presence to PW-2. To attract Section 7 of the PC Act, the demand for gratification has to be proved by the prosecution beyond a reasonable doubt. The word used in Section 7, as it existed before 26 July 2018, is ‘gratification’. There has to be a demand for gratification. It is not a simple demand for money, but it has to be a demand for gratification. If the factum of demand of gratification and acceptance thereof is proved, then the presumption under Section 20 can be invoked, and the Court can presume that the demand must be as a motive or reward for doing any official act. This presumption can be rebutted by the accused.
12. There is no circumstantial evidence of demand for gratification in this case. In the circumstances, the offences punishable under Section 7 and Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) have not been established. Unless both demand and acceptance are established, offence of obtaining pecuniary advantage by corrupt means covered by clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 13(1)(d) cannot be proved.
EFFECT OF THE FAILURE TO FRAME A PROPER CHARGE
13. We must deal with another argument made by the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant. That is about the failure to frame a proper charge for the offence punishable under Section 7. The relevant portion of the charge reads thus:
“You, working as the Sub Registrar at Kannivadi, Dindigul District from 27.10.2003 to 27.10.2003 and as such you are a public servant you registered the sale deed of 16.05 cents of land purchased by Sundaramoorthy on 12.07.2004 and demanded a sum of Rs. 500/- from Sundaramoorthy as gratification other than legal remuneration for returning the registered document and also received Rs. 500/- as bribe, hence you disclosed the offences punishable u/s. 7 of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and triable by this Court.”
14. Thus, the Special Court omitted to frame a specific charge on demand allegedly made by the appellant on 6 and 13 August 2004 and acceptance thereof on 13 August 2004.
15. Under Section 464 of CrPC, omission to frame a charge or any error in charge is never fatal unless, in the opinion of the Court, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned thereby. In this case, from the perusal of the cross-examination of PW-3 and other prosecution witnesses made by the Advocate for the appellant, it is apparent that the appellant had clearly understood the prosecution case about the first alleged demand made on 6 August 2004 and the subsequent alleged demand and acceptance on 13 August 2004. There is no doubt that this is a case of omission to frame a proper charge, and whatever charge has been framed is, per se defective. However, by reason of the said omission or defect, the accused was not prejudiced insofar as his right to defend is concerned. Therefore, in this case, the omission to frame charge and/or error in framing charge is not fatal.
16. We find that, in this case, the charge has been framed very casually. The Trial Courts ought to be very meticulous when it comes to the framing of charges. In a given case, any such error or omission may lead to acquittal and/or a long delay in trial due to an order of remand which can be passed under sub-section (2) of Section 464 of CrPC. Apart from the duty of the Trial Court, even the public prosecutor has a duty to be vigilant, and if a proper charge is not framed, it is his duty to apply to the Court to frame an appropriate charge.
17. The appeal is allowed. The impugned judgments are quashed and set aside, and the appellant is acquitted of the offences alleged against him. The bail bonds of the appellant stand cancelled.
Alert