- Bookmark
- Share
- CaseIQ
Rakesh Malhotra (S) v. Krishna Malhotra (S).
Factual and Procedural Background
Rakesh Malhotra (husband) and Krishna Malhotra (wife) were married on 21 September 1999. In matrimonial proceedings initiated by the wife under Sections 13(1)(i-a) and 13(1)(i-b) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the First Additional District Judge, Vidisha, passed a decree on 20 February 2013 dissolving the marriage and awarding the wife permanent alimony of Rs 13,750 per month, payable so long as she remains unmarried. That decree is pending challenge before the Madhya Pradesh High Court in First Appeal No. 109 of 2013.
Earlier, in 2005, the wife had filed an application under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure seeking maintenance. The application was dismissed on 30 June 2014, but in Criminal Revision No. 807 of 2014 the High Court on 14 December 2017 awarded her an additional Rs 5,000 per month from 30 June 2014, reasoning that deductions from the husband’s salary were largely voluntary. A further order dated 2 May 2018 was also passed in the wife’s favour.
The husband appealed to the Supreme Court from the High Court’s orders of 14 December 2017 (2017 SCC OnLine MP 2058) and 2 May 2018 (2018 SCC OnLine MP 1616). During the Supreme Court proceedings the respondent wife remained unrepresented; Ms Fauzia Shakil was appointed Amicus Curiae.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether, after a court has already granted permanent alimony under Section 25(1) of the Hindu Marriage Act, the wife can maintain a separate and additional claim for maintenance before a Magistrate under Section 125 of the CrPC.
- Whether, in such circumstances, the appropriate remedy for altering the amount of maintenance is an application for variation under Section 25(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
Arguments of the Parties
Appellant (Husband)
- Contended that once permanent alimony has been fixed under Section 25(1) of the Act, any modification must be sought only through Section 25(2); a fresh proceeding under Section 125 CrPC is impermissible.
- Submitted that his financial circumstances had changed because he had retired from the Army, reducing his income, and that he had already paid Rs 11,44,916 towards the alimony ordered in 2013.
Amicus Curiae
- Relied on Sudeep Chaudhary v. Radha Chaudhary (1997) 11 SCC 286, where maintenance under Section 125 CrPC continued despite an order under Section 24 of the Act, to argue that concurrent remedies can sometimes coexist.
- However, acknowledged that the factual matrix in Sudeep Chaudhary differed because the CrPC order there preceded the matrimonial decree, whereas here the decree and permanent alimony were determined first.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| Sudeep Chaudhary v. Radha Chaudhary, (1997) 11 SCC 286 | A wife may pursue maintenance under the Hindu Marriage Act even after an award under Section 125 CrPC. | The Court distinguished the present case, noting that Sudeep Chaudhary involved a CrPC order that preceded matrimonial proceedings, whereas here permanent alimony under Section 25(1) was already granted; therefore the principle did not permit a reverse sequence. |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
The Supreme Court emphasised the comprehensive nature of Section 25(1), which empowers the matrimonial court to assess the parties’ status, earnings and needs and to make a permanent award that may last up to the life of the applicant. Recognising that circumstances can change, Parliament provided an internal mechanism in Section 25(2) and (3) for variation, modification or rescission of the original order.
Allowing a separate proceeding under Section 125 CrPC after permanent alimony has been fixed would, in the Court’s view, create “multiple channels of remedy” and undermine the statutory architecture. While an initial recourse to Section 125 may be justified where urgent sustenance is required before matrimonial issues are decided, once the matrimonial court has pronounced on permanent alimony, subsequent adjustments must occur within that framework.
The Court found the High Court had erred in granting an additional Rs 5,000 under Section 125 CrPC without directing the wife to proceed under Section 25(2). It therefore set aside the impugned orders and directed that the wife’s Section 125 application be treated as one under Section 25(2), to be adjudicated along with the pending first appeal concerning the divorce decree.
Holding and Implications
APPEALS ALLOWED; HIGH COURT ORDERS DATED 14-12-2017 AND 2-5-2018 SET ASIDE.
The wife’s application for additional maintenance is to be dealt with as an application under Section 25(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act within First Appeal No. 109 of 2013. The Supreme Court requested the High Court to dispose of the appeal and all related applications within six months.
Implications: The decision clarifies that after permanent alimony is granted under Section 25(1) of the Hindu Marriage Act, any change in maintenance must be sought through Section 25(2)/(3) rather than by initiating fresh proceedings under Section 125 CrPC. The ruling affects only the parties to this litigation and does not create a new precedent beyond reinforcing the statutory scheme.
Order
1. Delay condoned. Leave granted. These appeals arise out of the judgment and final order dated 14-12-2017 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Bench at Gwalior in Krishna Malhotra v. Rakesh Malhotra 2017 SCC OnLine MP 2058 and also out of the order dated 2-5-2018 in Rakesh Malhotra v. Krishna Malhotra 2018 SCC OnLine MP 1616.
2. In the present case, in matrimonial proceedings initiated by the respondent wife seeking dissolution of marriage under Sections 13(1)(i-a) and (i-b) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (“the Act” for short), decree for dissolution was passed by the Court of the First Additional District Judge, Vidisha (M.P.) in Case No. 87-A of 2011 to the following effect:
“(a) Marriage solemnised between petitioner Rakesh Malhotra and respondent Smt Krishna Malhotra on 21-9-1999 is declared dissolved after expiry of limitation period. After expiry of limitation period of appeal, the petitioner and the respondent would not remain husband and wife any more.
(b) In compliance of the order dated 23-1-2012 passed by the Hon'ble M.P. High Court, Gwalior Bench in Rakesh Malhotra v. Krishna Malhotra WP No. 6762 of 2011, in case amount of maintenance allowance payable during pendency of the case is due, the petitioner would pay the same within the period of one month.
(c) In case respondent Smt Krishna Malhotra does not go for second marriage, the petitioner would pay Rs 13,750 per month to the respondent by 5th of each month throughout her life.”
The aforesaid decree passed on 20-2-2013 is presently the subject-matter of challenge before the High Court in First Appeal No. 109 of 2013. The said appeal is still pending consideration before the High Court.
3. It must be stated that sometime in 2005, the application seeking maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (“the Code” for short) was preferred by the respondent wife, which was dismissed by the court concerned vide order dated 30-6-2014. The challenge was raised by the respondent wife against such rejection by way of Criminal Revision No. 807 of 2014. The said revision was allowed by the High Court by its order dated 14-12-2017 2017 SCC OnLine MP 2058 which is presently under appeal. While considering the claim made by the respondent wife, the High Court observed as under : (Krishna Malhotra case 2017 SCC OnLine MP 2058, SCC OnLine MP para 14)
“14. So far as the question of quantum of maintenance is concerned, the respondent has stated in his evidence that his gross monthly income is Rs 44,000, out of which an amount of Rs 24,000 is being deducted and his take-home salary is Rs 20,000. The respondent has not placed his salary slip on record to show that under which head the amount of Rs 24,000 is being deducted. Voluntary deduction under different heads and compulsory/statutory deduction are two different things. For determining the take-home salary, voluntary deductions cannot be taken into consideration because in some of the cases like loan or finance it can be said that the husband has already taken his salary in advance in the form of loan, which he is now repaying in the form of loan deductions, however, the compulsory deductions are beyond the control of an employee. Since in the present case, the respondent has not placed his salary slip on record, therefore, an averse inference has to be drawn against him and it has to be presumed that out of total deduction amount of Rs 24,000, most of the deductions must be the voluntary deductions. Furthermore, as the applicant has already been awarded an amount of Rs 13,750 per month by way of permanent alimony and that part of the judgment has not been stayed by this Court, therefore, taking into consideration the amount of Rs 13,750, which has been awarded to the applicant by way of permanent alimony and considering the status of the parties, price index, price of goods of daily needs, inflation rate, etc. it is directed that the applicant shall be entitled for a further amount of Rs 5000 per month. The said amount shall be payable by the respondent husband from 30-6-2014 i.e. the date on which the application filed by the applicant was rejected by the court below.”
4. In these appeals challenging the decisions 2017 SCC OnLine MP 2058 2018 SCC OnLine MP 1616 of the High Court, notice was issued to the respondent. However, no appearance was entered on behalf of the respondent wife and as such Ms Fauzia Shakil, learned advocate was requested to assist the Court as Amicus Curiae, which request she graciously accepted.
5. We heard Mr Abhay Gupta, learned advocate in support of the appeals and Ms Fauzia Shakil, Amicus Curiae.
6. The basic issue that arises for consideration is whether after grant of permanent alimony under Section 25 of the Act, a prayer can be made before the Magistrate under Section 125 of the Code for maintenance, over and above what has been granted by the Court while exercising power under Section 25 of the Act. At this juncture, Section 25 of the Act may be extracted as under:
“25. Permanent alimony and maintenance.—(1) Any court exercising jurisdiction under this Act may, at the time of passing any decree or at any time subsequent thereto, on application made to it for the purpose by either the wife or the husband, as the case may be, order that the respondent shall pay to the applicant for her or his maintenance and support such gross sum or such monthly or periodical sum for a term not exceeding the life of the applicant as, having regard to the respondent's own income and other property, if any, the income and other property of the applicant [, the conduct of the parties and other circumstances of the case], it may seem to the court to be just, and any such payment may be secured, if necessary, by a charge on the immovable property of the respondent.
(2) If the court is satisfied that there is a change in the circumstances of either party at any time after it has made an order under sub-section (1), it may at the instance of either party, vary, modify or rescind any such order in such manner as the court may deem just.
(3) If the court is satisfied that the party in whose favour an order has been made under this section has remarried or, if such party is the wife, that she has not remained chaste, or, if such party is the husband, that he has had sexual intercourse with any woman outside wedlock, [it may at the instance of the other party vary, modify or rescind any such order in such manner as the court may deem just] Subs. by Act 68 of 1976.”
Section 25(1) of the Act empowers the Court, while passing any decree, to consider the status of the parties and whether any arrangement needs to be made in favour of the wife or the husband; and by way of permanent alimony, an order granting maintenance can also be passed by the Court.
7. At the stage of passing a decree for dissolution of marriage, the court thus considers not only the earning capacity of the respective parties, the status of the parties as well as various other issues. The determination so made by the court has an element of permanency involved in the matter. However, Parliament has designedly kept a window open in the form of sub-sections (2) and (3) in that, in case there be any change in circumstances, the aggrieved party can approach the court under sub-section (2) or (3) and ask for variation/modification. Since the basic order was passed by the court concerned under Section 25(1), by very nature, the order of modification/variation can also be passed by the court concerned exercising power under Section 25(2) or 25(3) of the Act.
8. In the present case, the matter that was considered by the High Court was one which was filed in the year 2005, when the matrimonial dispute between the parties was yet to be adjudicated upon, while the decree for dissolution and direction for permanent alimony came to be passed in the year 2013 against which the first appeal is pending in the High Court.
9. We have been apprised that certain applications have been preferred by the appellant husband seeking variation/modification in the sum of permanent alimony submitting, inter alia, that after passing of the order, the appellant has retired from the Army and as such is not getting emoluments at the same rate.
10. Ms Shakil, Amicus Curiae invited our attention to some decisions including the decision of this Court in Sudeep Chaudhary v. Radha Chaudhary (1997) 11 SCC 286. This decision was relied upon by the High Court while passing the order under the appeal. In Sudeep Chaudhary (1997) 11 SCC 286, the initial order was passed by the Magistrate under Section 125 of the Code and subsequently in proceedings under the Act, interim maintenance was granted while exercising power under Section 24. It was in the context of these facts, this Court observed that despite the award of maintenance under Section 125 of the Code, the wife was competent to maintain the proceedings under Section 24 of the Act. But the present case is completely to the contrary.
11. Since Parliament has empowered the Court under Section 25(2) of the Act and kept a remedy intact and made available to the party concerned seeking modification, the logical sequitur would be that the remedy so prescribed ought to be exercised rather than creating multiple channels of remedy seeking maintenance. One can understand the situation where considering the exigencies of the situation and urgency in the matter, a wife initially prefers an application under Section 125 of the Code to secure maintenance in order to sustain herself. In such matters, the wife would certainly be entitled to have a full-fledged adjudication in the form of any challenge raised before a competent court either under the Act or similar such enactments. But the reverse cannot be the accepted norm.
12. In the circumstances, we allow these appeals, set aside the view taken by the High Court and direct that the application preferred under Section 125 of the Code shall be treated and considered as one preferred under Section 25(2) of the Act. Since the matter pertains to grant of maintenance, we request the High Court to consider disposing of First Appeal No. 109 of 2013 along with all the pending applications as early as possible and preferably within six months from today.
13. Before we part, we must record that by way of order dated 13-12-2019 2019 SCC OnLine SC 1826, we had directed the respondent husband to file an affidavit giving details about the amounts that he had made over to the respondent wife by way of maintenance as awarded by the order dated 20-2-2013. In pursuance of the said directions, an affidavit has been filed by the appellant on 3-2-2020 indicating that till now he has deposited Rs 11,44,916 in the respondent wife's account, in terms of the order dated 20-2-2013.
14. Finally, we must express our sincere gratitude for the assistance rendered by Ms Fauzia Shakil, learned Amicus Curiae. These appeals are allowed in the aforesaid terms. No costs.
Alert