Attar Singh v. Ito

1. The assessees in these appeals have made payments in cash exceeding a sum of rs. 2500/ - for some of the purchases of stock - in - trade. The payments are not allowed as deductions in the computation of income under the head "profits and gains of business". The payments are held to be in contravention of the terms of s. 40a (3) of the income tax act, 19o1 read with the r. 6dd of the income tax rules, 19o2. The assessees have appealed to this court challenging the disallowance.

2. Two questions arise for consideration in these appeals; (i) the validity of s. 40a (3) of the act; and (ii) the applicability of s. 40a (3) to payments made for acquiring stock - in - trade.

3. S. 40a (3) so far as material provides:

"40a. Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances. - (1) the provisions of this section shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of this act relating to the computation of income under the head "profits and gains of business or profession. "

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(3) where the assessee incurs any expenditure in respect of which payment is made, After such date (not being later than the 31st day of march 19o9) as may be specified in this behalf by the central government by notification in the official gazette, In a sum exceeding ten thousand rupees otherwise than by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft, Such expenditure shall not be allowed as a deduction:

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provided further that no disallowance under this sub - section shall be made where any payment in a sum exceeding ten thousand rupees is made otherwise than by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft, In such cases and under such circumstances as may be prescribed, Having regard to the nature and extern of banking facilities available, Considerations of business expediency and other relevant factors. "

4. Originally, S. 40a (3) required payments in respect of expenditure, Which exceed rs. 2,500/ - to be made by a crossed cheque or a crossed bank draft. On failure to do so, The payments made were disallowed in the computation of income. In order to remove hardship to smaller assessees, The amending act, 1987, Has raised this ceiling to rs. 10,0007 -. S. 40a (3) begins with a non - obstante clause. It is an overriding provision which operates inspite of anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of the act relating to the computation of income under the head "profits and gains of business or profession". The legislature has thus made it clear that the provisions of s. 40a will apply in supersession of other contrary provisions of the act relating to the computation of income. Sub - section (3) empowers the assessing officer to disallow, As a deduction any expenditure in respect of which payment is made of any sum exceeding rs. 10,000/ - otherwise than by a crossed cheque or crossed bank draft.

5. R. 6dd of the income tax rules, 19o2 refers to cases and circumstances in which payment of a sum exceeding rs. 10,000/ - may be made otherwise than by a crossed cheque or by a crossed bank draft. The rule so far as it is relevant reads:

"6dd. Cases and circumstances in which payment in a sum exceeding ten thousand rupees may be made otherwise than by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft no disallowance under sub - section (3) of s. 40 a shall be made where any payment in a sum exceeding ten thousand rupees is made otherwise than by crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft in the cases and circumstances specified hereunder, Namely: -

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0) in any other case, Where the assessee satisfies the assessing officer that the payment could not be made by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or by a crossed bank draft

(1) due to exceptional or unavoidable circumstances; or

(2) because payment in the manner aforesaid was not practicable, Or would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee, Having regard to the nature of the transaction and the necessity for expeditious settlement thereof, And also furnishes evidence to the satisfaction of the assessing officer as to the genuineness of the payment and the identity of the payee. "

6. As to the validity of s. 40a (3) it was urged that if the price of the purchased material is not allowed to be adjusted as against the sale price of the material sold for want of proof of payment by a crossed cheque or crossed bank draft, Then the income tax levied will not be on the income but it will be on an assumed income, His said that the provision authorising levy tax on an assumed income would be a restriction on the right to carry on the business besides being arbitrary.

7. In our opinion, There is little merit in this contention. S. 40a (3) must not be read in isolation or to the exclusion of r. 6dd. The section must be read along with the rule. If read together, It will be clear that the provisions are not intended to restrict the business activities. There is no restriction on the assessee in his trading activities. S. 40a (3) only empowers the assessing officer to disallow the deduction claimed as expenditure in respect of which payment is not made by crossed cheque or crossed bank draft. The payment by crossed cheque or crossed bank draft is insisted on to enable the assessing authority to ascertain whether the payment was genuine or whether it was out of the income from disclosed sources. The terms of s. 40a (3) are not absolute. Consideration of business expediency and other relevant factors are not excluded. The genuine and bonafide transactions are not taken out of the sweep of the section. It is open to the assessee to furnish to the satisfaction of the assessing officer the circumstances under which the payment in the manner prescribed in s. 40a (3) was not practicable or would have caused genuine difficulty to the payee. It is also open to the assessee to identify the person who has received the cash payment. R. 6dd provides that an assessee can be exempted from the requirement of payment by a crossed cheque or crossed bank draft in the circumstances specified under the rule. It will be clear from the provisions of s. 40a (3) and r. 6dd that they are intended to regulate the business transactions and to prevent the use of unaccounted money or reduce the chances to use black - money for business transactions. [see: mudiam oil company v. Ito (1973) 92 itr 519 a. P. ] if the payment is made by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or a crossed bank draft then it will be easier to ascertain, When deduction is claimed, Whether the payment was genuine and whether it was out of the income from disclosed sources. In interpreting a taxing statute the court cannot be oblivious of the proliferation of black - money which is under circulation in our country. Any restraint intended to curb the chances and opportunities to use or create black - money should not be regarded as curtailing the freedom of trade or business.

8. As to the second question it may be stated that the word 'expenditure' has not been defined in the act. It is a word of wide import. S. 40a (3) refers to the expenditure incurred by the assessee in respect of which payment is made. It means allout - goingsare brought under the word 'expenditure' for the purpose of the section. The expenditure for purchasing the stock - in - trade is one of such out - goings. The value of the stock - in - trade has to fee taken into account while determining the gross profits under s. 28 on principles of commercial accounting. The payments made for purchases would also be covered by the word 'expenditure' and such payments can be disallowed if they are made in cash in the sums exceeding the amount specified under s. 40a (3). We have earlier observed that r. 6dd has to be read along with s. 40a (3). The rule also contemplates payments made for stock - in - trade and raw materials. This rule is in accordance with the terms of s. 40a (3). The rule provides that an assessee can be exempted from the requirements of payment by crossed cheque or a crossed bank draft where the purchases are made of certain agricultural or horticultural commodities or from a village where there is no banking facility. S. 40a (3) is, Therefore, Attracted to payments made for acquiring stock - in - trade and other materials. This is also the view taken by several high courts. [sec: (1) sajowanlal jaiswal v. Cit (197o) 103 itr 70o orissa) ; (2) u. P. Hardware store v. Cit (197o) 104 itr oo4 allahabad) ; (3) ratan udyog v. Ito (1977) 109 itr 1 allahabad) ; (4) p. R. Textiles v. Cit kerala (1980) 121 itr 237 kerala) ; (5) cit v. Kishan chand maheswari dass (1980) 121 itr 232 p & h) ; (o) kanti lal purshottam and co. V. Cit (1985) 155 itr 519 raj.) ; (7) cit v. New light tin mfg. Co. (1980) 121 itr 229 p& h) ; (8) fakri automobiles v. Cit (198o) 1o0 itr 504 raj) ; (9) venkata sathyanarayana timber depot v. Itr (1987) 1o5 itr 253 ap) ; and (10) akash films v. Cit (1991) itr 32 karnataka). The decisions of the high courts of andhra pradesh, Orissa, Allahabad, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab & haryana, Rajasthan and patna are to the effect that the payments made for purchasing stock - in - trade or raw materials should also be regarded as expenditure for the purpose of s. 40a (3). The only discordant note struck on this aspect is by the gauhati high court in cit v. Hardware exchange (1991) 190 itr o1). The gauhati high court has observed that s. 40a (3) applies only to payments made on account of 'expenditure incurred' and the payment made for purchase of stock - intrade cannot be termed as 'expenditure incurred' since money does not go irretrievably in such cases. We are unable to agree with the view taken by the gauhati high court.

9. In this view of the matter we dismiss all these appeals and special leave petition with costs. Dismissed.