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Gokulchand Dwarkadas Morarka v. The King
Factual and Procedural Background
This appeal arises from a prosecution under Clause 18(2) of the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943. The appellant, Mr. Gokulchand Dwarkadas Morarka, was initially acquitted by the City Magistrate of Sholapur of the offence of possessing cloth without the required "Textile" mark in excess of permissible limits. The prosecution was initiated following a police report dated 24th January 1945, which detailed the seizure of cloth without the textile mark found in the appellant’s bungalow and house. The Government of Bombay granted sanction to prosecute on 5th January 1945. On appeal by the Government, the High Court of Judicature at Bombay set aside the acquittal, convicted the appellant, and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment and a fine. The present appeal challenges the validity of the sanction given for prosecution and the consequent conviction.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether the sanction to prosecute, granted by the Government of Bombay, complied with Clause 23 of the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943, which requires prior sanction before prosecution.
- Whether sanction must specify the facts constituting the offence or if merely naming the person and the provision contravened is sufficient.
- Whether a defective sanction can be cured under Section 537 of the Criminal Procedure Code if it did not occasion a failure of justice.
Arguments of the Parties
Respondent's Arguments
- The sanction naming the appellant and specifying the clause of the Order contravened is sufficient compliance with Clause 23.
- Even if the sanction was defective, the defect could be cured under Section 537 of the Criminal Procedure Code as an irregularity that did not cause a failure of justice.
Appellant's Arguments
- The sanction must be given with reference to the facts constituting the offence charged, not merely naming the person and the clause.
- The prosecution failed to prove that the sanctioning authority had knowledge of the facts on which prosecution was based.
- A sanction not supported by facts is invalid, and such invalidity cannot be cured under Section 537 as it affects the jurisdiction of the Court.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| Criminal Appeal Nos. 535 of 1945 and 548 of 1946 (High Court of Bombay) | Burden of proving sanction rests on prosecution; sanction must be given with reference to the facts of the proposed prosecution. | The Court accepted the principle but found the prosecution failed to prove the sanctioning authority had knowledge of the facts constituting the offence. |
| Section 114, Illustration (g), Evidence Act | Presumption that evidence not produced would be unfavorable to the party withholding it. | The Court applied this presumption against the prosecution for failing to produce the report and endorsement related to sanction. |
| Section 230, Criminal Procedure Code | Sanction for prosecution must be for the same facts as those on which the charge is based. | Used to support the view that sanction must relate to the facts constituting the offence charged. |
| Section 537, Criminal Procedure Code | Errors or irregularities in trial proceedings do not warrant reversal unless they cause failure of justice. | The Court rejected the argument that a defective sanction could be cured under this section as it affects jurisdiction. |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
The Court analyzed the validity of the sanction to prosecute under Clause 23 of the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943, which requires prior sanction from the Provincial Government or authorized officer before prosecution. The sanction in this case named the appellant and specified the clause contravened but did not specify the facts constituting the offence. The Court emphasized that sanction must be given with reference to the facts constituting the offence charged, either on the face of the sanction or by extraneous evidence.
The prosecution failed to produce the report submitted to the District Superintendent of Police and the endorsement of the District Magistrate, which were necessary to establish that the sanctioning authority had knowledge of the facts. The Court applied the presumption under Section 114 of the Evidence Act against the prosecution for withholding this evidence. Without proof that the sanctioning authority was aware of the relevant facts, the sanction was held invalid.
The Court rejected the respondent’s argument that a sanction naming only the accused and the clause contravened sufficed, and also rejected the suggestion that a defective sanction could be cured under Section 537 of the Criminal Procedure Code, since such a defect affects the jurisdiction of the court.
The Court distinguished the sanction required under Clause 23 from general provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code relating to sanction, noting that sanction must relate to the facts constituting the offence charged. It clarified that the trial court’s jurisdiction depends on the existence of a valid sanction, and without it, the trial court lacked jurisdiction.
Holding and Implications
The Court ALLOWED THE APPEAL, set aside the High Court’s order convicting the appellant, and restored the City Magistrate of Sholapur’s original order acquitting the appellant and ordering the return of seized property.
The direct effect of this decision is that prosecutions under the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943 require a sanction that is validly given with reference to the facts constituting the offence. Failure to prove such sanction renders the prosecution invalid and deprives the trial court of jurisdiction. No new precedent beyond the immediate parties was established, but the decision clarifies the strict requirements of sanction under Clause 23 of the Order.
Sir John Beaumont.-
This is an appeal by special leave from the judgment and order of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dated 5th September 1946 setting aside the acquittal of the appellant of an offence under Cl. 18 (2), Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943, by the judgment and order of the City Magistrate of Sholapur and sentencing the appellant to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one month and to pay a fine of Rs. 1550.
2. The facts giving rise to the prosecution of the appellant were stated in a written report made by Mr. Mulik, Sub - Inspector of Police Food Control Sholapur to the Sub - Inspector of Police, Sholapur, on 24th January 1945. The report which is Ex. 1 "l" was in the following terms :
"I, Raghunath Santaji Mulik, Sub - Inspector of Police, Food Control, Sholapur give in writing as follows :
Having got information that there were cloth without "Textile" mark and grain hoarded in the bungalow situated at Motibag belonging to the Old Mill at Sholapur. Mr. Yasin Ansar Bhai, the Inspector of Police took search of the said bungalow on the date 4th August 1944; but as it drew dark, the search of the outhouse pertaining to the said bungalow remained to be taken. Therefore, the rooms of the said outhouse were sealed. On the 5th August 1944, the Inspector of Police ordered me to take search of the said outhouse. In pursuance thereof I took search of the said outhouse. In the same, Dhoti pairs 196 (measuring) 1903 1/4 yards with a name in the borders; Dhoti pairs 426 (measuring) 3804 1/4 yards with no name in the borders; Patals (Sarees) 25 (measuring) 125 yards; and muslin pieces 3 (measuring) 60 yards in all, 5892 yards of cloth without "Textile" mark were found. All that has been seized after making a Panchanama.
Mr. Gokulchand Dwarkadas Morarka is the agent of the Sholapur Old Mill. Whenever he comes to Sholapur he puts up in the bungalow situated at Motibag. Mr. Gokulchand Dwarkadas has purchased from the said mill by oral order the aforesaid cloth between the dates 2nd December 1942 and 15th March 1943 for his own use; and all that cloth has been taken and kept in the said bungalow on the date, 2nd August 1943.
As Mr. Gokulchand Dwarkadas Morarka has been staying at Malad, I went to Malad and took search of his house. Whatever clothes of daily wear were found in the same, were sufficient (for use) to him and the members of his family. Accordingly, a Panchanama of the clothes in his house was made.
As Mr. Gokulchand Dwarkadas Morarka has kept with him cloth in excess of what was necessary, I have a complaint against him on behalf of the Government according to Cl. 18 (2), Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order (of) 1943."
3. For the purposes of the present appeal, it will be assumed that the facts stated in that report were proved and constituted an offence under Cl. 18 (2), Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943.
4. Section 23 of that Order as amended provides that:
"No prosecution for the contravention of any of the provisions of this Order shall be instituted without the previous sanction of the Provincial Government (or of such officer of the Provincial Government not below the rank of District Magistrate as the Provincial Government may by general or special order in writing authorise in this behalf).'
5. On 5th January 1945, sanction to the prosecution of the appellant was given by Order of the Government of Bombay in the following terms:
Sanction to prosecute.
(Signed) H. N. G.
Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943.
Contravention of the Provisions Prosecutions for-
Government of Bombay.
Finance Department (Supply)
Resolution No. 518.
Bombay Castle, 5th January 1945. Endorsement from the District Magistrate, Sholapur, No. XIX/4500, dated 8th November 1944.
Resolution :-Government is pleased to accord sanction under Cl. 23, Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943, to the prosecution of Mr. Gokulchand
Dwarkadas Morarka for breach of the provisions of Cl. 18 (2) of the said Order.
By Order of the Governor of Bombay,
(Signed)
Deputy Secretary to Government, Bombay
The District Magistrate, Sholapur
6. It will be observed that this sanction, which is Ex. I on the record, specifies the appellant as the person to be prosecuted and the clause of the Order which he is alleged to have contravened, but does not specify the acts of the appellant alleged to constitute such contravention. The question which arises for decision on this appeal is whether this sanction, read with the evidence adduced at the trial, constituted a due compliance with the provisions of Cl. 23 of the said Order.
7. The trial Magistrate held that the sanction was sufficient but acquitted the accused on merits of the case. On appeal by the Government of Bombay against this acquittal the High Court convicted the appellant as already stated.
8. Upon the question as to the sufficiency of the sanction the High Court noticed two previous decisions of such Court, Criminal Appeal Nos. 535 of 1945 and 548 of 1946, by which it had been held that the burden of proving that the requisite sanction had been obtained rested on the prosecution, and that such burden involved proof that the sanctioning authority had given the sanction in reference to the facts on which the proposed prosecution was to be based, facts which might appear on the face of the sanction, or might be proved by extraneous evidence. The Court accepted this view of the law, but held that in the case of the appellant it had been proved that the facts on which the prosecution was proposed to be based had been before the sanctioning authority when the sanction was given. The view of the Court upon this question appears from the following passage in the judgment of the Court :
"A Sub - Inspector who attached the cloth has sworn that on 8 - 9 - 1944 he submitted a report to the District Superintendent of Police asking for sanction to prosecute the accused under cl. 18(2) of the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943. Subsequently the matter was forwarded to the District Magistrate and the Resolution granting sanction itself refers to the endorsement of the District Magistrate, Sholapur No XIX/4500 dated 8 - 11 - 1944: It is true that in his cross - examination the Sub - Inspector admitted that he had not got a copy of the aforesaid endorsement made by the District Magistrate, but his evidence would show that the said endorsement was made in reference to the report which the Sub - Inspector had forwarded to the District Superintendent of Police as already stated."
This view of the facts is not supported by the evidence on record. There is no evidence to show that the report of the Sub - Inspector to the District Superintendent of Police, which was not put in evidence, was forwarded to the District Magistrate, nor is there any evidence as to the contents of the endorsement of the District Magistrate referred to in the sanction, which endorsement also was not put in evidence. The prosecution was in a position either to produce or to account for the absence of the report made to the District Superintendent of Police and the endorsement of the District Magistrate referred to in the sanction, and to call any necessary oral evidence to supplement the documents and show what were the facts on which the sanction was given. Their Lordships see no justification for drawing inferences in favour of the prosecution upon matters on which they withheld evidence under their control. Under S. 114, Evidence Act, illust. (g) the normal presumption is that evidence which could be and is not produced would, if produced, be unfavourable to the person who withholds it.
9. Upon this state of the evidence, the respondent has argued that the view which has prevailed in the High Court of Bombay is wrong and that a sanction which names the person to be prosecuted and specifies the provision of the order which he is alleged to have contravened is a sufficient compliance with cl. 23 of the said Order. In their Lordships' view, in order to comply with the provisions of cl. 23, it must be proved that the sanction was given in respect of the facts constituting the offence charged. It is plainly desirable that the facts should be referred to on the face of the sanction, but this is not essential, since cl. 23 does not require the sanction to be in any particular form, nor even to be in writing. But if the facts constituting the offence charged are not shown on the face of the sanction, the prosecution must prove by extraneous evidence that those facts were placed before the sanctioning authority. The sanction to prosecute is an important matter; it constitutes a condition precedent to the institution of the prosecution and the Government have an absolute discretion to grant or withhold their sanction. They are not, as the High Court seem to have thought, concerned merely to see that the evidence discloses a prima facie case against the person sought to be prosecuted. They can refuse sanction on any ground which commends itself to them, for example, that on political or economic grounds they regard a prosecution as inexpedient. Looked at as a matter of substance it is plain that the Government cannot adequately discharge the obligation of deciding whether to give or withhold a sanction without a knowledge of the facts of the case. Nor, in their Lordships' view, is a sanction given without reference to the facts constituting the offence a compliance with the actual terms of cl. 23. Under that clause sanction has to be given to a prosecution for the contravention of any of the provisions of the Order. A person could not be charged merely with the breach of a particular provision of the Order; he must be charged with the commission of certain acts which constitute a breach, and it is to that prosecution-that is, for having done acts which constitute a breach of the Order-that the sanction is required. In the present case there is nothing on the face of the sanction, and no extraneous evidence, to show that the sanctioning authority knew the facts alleged to constitute a breach of the Order, and the sanction is invalid.
10. Mr. Megaw for the respondent has suggested that this view of the law would involve in every case that the Court would be bound to see that the case proved corresponded exactly with the case for which sanction had been given. But this is not so. The giving of sanction confers jurisdiction on the Court to try the case and the Judge or Magistrate having jurisdiction must try the Case in the Ordinary way under the Code of Criminal Procedure. The charge need not follow the exact terms of the sanction, though it must not relate to an offence essentially different from that to which the sanction relates.
11. Their Lordships were referred to certain decisions upon the group of sections in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 195 to 199, relating to sanctions. These cases do not appear to lay down any principle inconsistent with the views expressed above, and as the sections of the Code are expressed in language different from that used in cl. 23 of the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order, 1943, and are directed to different objects, no useful purpose would be served by an examination of the cases. It may be observed that S. 230 of the Code provides that if the offence stated in a new or altered charge is one for the prosecution of which previous sanction is necessary the case shall not be proceeded with until such sanction is obtained
"unless sanction has been already obtained for a prosecution on the same facts as those on which the new or altered charge is founded."The latter words indicate that the legislature contemplated that sanctions under the Code would be given in respect of the facts constituting the offence charged.
12. It was argued by Mr. Megaw, though not very strenuously, that even if the sanction was defective the defect could be cured under the provisions of S. 537, Criminal P. C., which provides, so far as material, that no finding, sentence or order passed by a Court of competent jurisdiction shall be altered or reversed on account of any error, omission or irregularity in any proceedings before or during the trial, unless such error, omission or irregularity has, in fact, occasioned a failure of justice. It was not disputed that if the sanction was invalid the trial Court was not a Court of competent jurisdiction, but Mr. Megaw contends that there was in this case a sanction, and that the failure of the Crown to prove the facts on which the sanction was granted amounted to no more than an irregularity. Their Lordships are unable to accept this view. For the reasons above expressed the sanction given was not such a sanction as was required by cl. 23 of the Cotton Cloth and Yarn (Control) Order 1943 and was, therefore, not a valid sanction. A defect in the jurisdiction of the Court can never be cured under S. 537.
13. For these reasons their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that this appeal be allowed, that the Order of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dated 5 - 9 - 1946 be set aside and the Order dated 21 - 8 - 1945 of the City Magistrate of Sholapur acquitting the accused and ordering the property before the Court to be returned to the person concerned from whom it was attached, be restored.
Appeal allowed.
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