- Bookmark
- Share
- CaseIQ
R.B Seth Gujar Mal Modi And Others v. Commissioner Of Income Tax And Another
Case Summary — Writ Petition under Articles 226 & 227 (Dua, J.)
Factual and Procedural Background
The petition was presented by four brothers (legal heirs) challenging income-tax notices and assessments arising from dividends declared by Modi Spinning and Weaving Mills Co. Ltd. Their father, R.B. Seth Multani Mal Modi, died on 22 October 1957. He had been declared to be payable an interim dividend by the Company (board declared 5 March 1956; confirmed in general meeting 17 January 1957). Dividend warrants were dispatched on 21 June 1956.
The deceased included the dividend in the return for assessment year 1957–58 instead of 1956–57. The Income Tax Officer (ITO) assessed it in 1956–57 on 10 February 1958. The deceased appealed; the Appellate Assistant Commissioner (AAC) on 21 July 1959 directed that the amount should be included in assessment year 1957–58. The department's appeal to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal was dismissed on 17 August 1961 following the judgment in J. Dalmia v. Commissioner of Income Tax.
Because the ITO had earlier held the amount assessed in 1956–57, reassessment proceedings were commenced under section 34(1)(b) of the Income Tax Act, 1922; a notice dated 7 November 1959 was said to have been served on petitioner No.2 (Shri Harmukh Rai Modi) only. An assessment under section 23(4) was completed on 29 October 1960 after an adjournment sought was refused. Petitioner No.2 applied under section 27 and appealed; the AAC, by orders dated 15 June 1963, set aside the assessment and directed fresh assessment after properly serving notices on the legal heirs, holding that the section 34(1)(b) notice had not been properly served and should have been served on all four heirs.
Subsequently, on 7 January 1964 notices were issued under section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 seeking to assess the dividend income. The petitioners challenged those notices before this Court under Articles 226 and 227, contending inter alia that the notices were time-barred, that there had been improper service of earlier notices (section 34), and that the departmental route should have been exhausted. The petition was admitted; it was heard by a Single Judge who referred questions to a larger Bench and directed petitioners to file an affidavit elaborating points of law. The court later excluded portions of that affidavit as introducing new points not contained in the original petition.
Legal Issues Presented
- Whether the notices issued on 7 January 1964 under section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 were time-barred or otherwise without jurisdiction.
- Whether the notice under section 34(1)(b) of the Income Tax Act, 1922 (served on petitioner No.2 alone) had been validly served on all legal heirs or was invalid for improper service.
- Whether Shri Harmukh Rai Modi (petitioner No.2) effectively represented the entire estate of the deceased, thereby precluding a separate challenge by the other heirs.
- Whether the High Court should exercise its writ jurisdiction at this stage or require the petitioners to pursue statutory remedies before the tax authorities (i.e., whether writ relief is appropriate in presence of available departmental remedies).
- Whether the second proviso to section 34(3) of the 1922 Act is ultra vires (as raised by the petitioners for some of the heirs), and if so, whether that question can be adjudicated in these proceedings.
Arguments of the Parties
Petitioners' Arguments
- The notices under section 148 of the 1961 Act (issued 7 January 1964) are barred by time, because relevant limitation periods had expired (relevant year ending 31 March 1958).
- The dividend had been returned by the deceased for assessment year 1957–58 and therefore there was no omission or failure to disclose material facts for that year; at most section 147(b) would apply and its limitation would be four years.
- The information under section 147(b) must come from an external source, not from the result of an appellate court's finding in the same assessment year; on that basis section 147 could not be attracted.
- The earlier notice under section 34(1)(b) was not properly served on all legal heirs; the AAC had held it was not properly served and directed fresh assessment after proper service.
- Some petitioners (Nos.1, 3 and 4) contend the second proviso to section 34(3) of the 1922 Act is ultra vires as regards legal heirs who were not represented by petitioner No.2.
- If the respondents are permitted to proceed further pursuant to the impugned notices, petitioners will be subjected to protracted proceedings and heavy loss; they have no equally efficacious alternative remedy, so they seek writ relief.
Respondent / Revenue's Arguments
- The petitioners have adequate remedies under the Income Tax Act and should pursue the departmental route rather than invoke the High Court's writ jurisdiction in the first instance.
- Shri H.R. Modi (petitioner No.2) had possession and management of the entire estate and effectively represented the estate; notices served on him (and acts done by him and his attorneys) operate for the whole estate.
- The department acted bona fide in believing that Shri H.R. Modi represented the legal heirs and in serving notices on him; evidence is relied upon (power of attorney, signatures, indemnity bond, communications, filings and representation in assessments) to show representation or intermeddling.
- Matters of fact (whether H.R. Modi represented the estate) and mixed questions of law and fact should be adjudicated by the assessing authorities; High Court should not pre-empt the statutory machinery absent clear jurisdictional infirmity.
- The non-issue of notices to other legal representatives does not vitiate proceedings on the facts and circumstances of this case according to the department's account; at most those contentions are matters for departmental adjudication.
Table of Precedents Cited
| Precedent | Rule or Principle Cited For | Application by the Court |
|---|---|---|
| J. Dalmia v. Commissioner of Income Tax (Reference No. 16 of 1959) | Cited in relation to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal's dismissal of the department's appeal (the Tribunal followed this judgment). | The Court records that the ITAT dismissed the department's appeal on 17 Aug 1961 following J. Dalmia; this fact forms part of the factual matrix but the Court does not further adjudicate on Dalmia's principle here. |
| First Additional Income-Tax Officer v. Mrs. Susheela Sand Sadanandan (1965 LVII I.T.R 168 S.C.) | Authority for the proposition that a person in possession/management of an estate may be treated as representing the estate and that High Court should not supplant tax authorities. | Relied on by the Revenue to support the submission that Shri H.R. Modi effectively represented the estate; the Court treats this as part of authorities cautioning against premature writ intervention. |
| Lalji Haridas v. R.H. Bhatt (1965 L.V.I.T.R 415 and related Lalji Haridas v. Income Tax Officer & Anors 1965 57 I.T.R 637) | That the jurisdiction under Article 226 is not intended to supersede Income-Tax Officers and that time-bar objections are matters for tax authorities. | Invoked by the Revenue to argue that limitation and related factual matters should be decided by departmental authorities; the Court treats this as guiding restraint on writ interference. |
| Sales Tax Officer v. Shiv Ratan (1965 XVI S.T.C 589) | That the High Court should not act as an original or appellate fact-finding authority in taxing matters; only to intervene where there is jurisdictional defect or palpable injustice. | Used to support the proposition that factual disputes about taxability are for taxing authorities; the Court relies on the principle to refuse writ intervention at this stage. |
| Shivram Poddar v. Income-Tax Officer (1964 I.I.I.T.R 823) | High Court's writ jurisdiction in tax matters is limited: intervene only when fundamental rights are infringed or when taxing authorities assume jurisdiction they do not possess; the Act provides a complete machinery for assessment and relief. | The Court quotes this decision (Shah, J.) to emphasise that parties should primarily resort to statutory remedies and that the High Court should not decide matters requiring factual investigation by tax authorities. |
| C.A. Abraham (1961 2 S.C.R 765) | Referenced in Shivram Poddar extract as part of authority reiterating the adequacy of the statutory machinery for tax disputes. | Referred to as part of the jurisprudential background cautioning against bypassing tax authorities; the Court relies on the same stream of authority. |
| R. Chinnaswami v. The First Income Tax Officer (Madras High Court) | That courts should consider statutory scheme of remedies and decline interference unless alternative remedies are inadequate and refusal would mean denial of speedy justice or grave hardship. | Cited by the petitioners as supportive of early interference; the Court analyses it but finds it distinguishable on facts and not decisive to justify writ relief here. |
| Rattan Chand v. Central Board of Direct Taxes (1966 2 I.T.J 252) | Decision where this Bench declined to interfere on writ side after reviewing case law; left assessee to statutory remedies. | Relied on by the Revenue; the Court treats it as a precedent where writ interference was refused and finds it factually distinguishable but consistent with restraint in exercising writ jurisdiction. |
| Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer (1961 XLI I.T.R 191) | Cited by petitioners (through counsel) as authority supporting interference where taxing authority's jurisdiction is challenged. | Referenced by petitioners' counsel; the Court considered it among authorities but concluded facts did not present patent jurisdictional infirmity to justify writ relief. |
| Hari Vishnu Kamath v. Syed Ahmed Ishaque (1955 T.S.C.R 1104) | Case dealing with election matters cited by petitioners' counsel by analogy to support interference in exceptional cases. | Relied on by petitioners' counsel for principle of judicial review in special circumstances; Court noted it but did not find analogous exceptional circumstances here. |
| State of U.P. v. Mohammad Nooh (1958 S.C.R 595) | Authority involving departmental enquiry cited by petitioners' counsel in support of intervention in appropriate cases. | Cited for analogy; Court did not find it controlling because the case lacked the necessary exceptional features to warrant bypassing statutory remedies. |
| Darshan Singh Chawla v. Income-tax Officer (Single Bench, C.W.65-D of 1966, unreported) | Single Bench decision (unreported) where it was held that a time-barred notice could not be revived by a provision in the new Act. | Pressed by petitioners' counsel as supportive but being unreported and single-bench, the Court treated it as an argument in favour of interference only on specific facts; not decisive here. |
| Beharilal Shyamsunder v. Sales Tax Officer (1966 60 I.T.R 260) | Supreme Court decision cited (and its reliance on K.S. Venkataraman) concerning matters that cannot be adjudicated by authorities under the taxing statute and may require court determination of vires. | Cited by petitioners' counsel to support contention that vires of statutory provision (second proviso to s.34(3)) might be open to judicial determination; Court found that that question was not properly before it on established facts. |
| K.S. Venkataraman & Co. (P) Ltd. v. State of Madras (1966 60 I.T.R 112) | Followed by Beharilal; cited concerning judicial determination of vires in some contexts. | Referred to as part of authorities invoked on vires questions; Court observed the vires point was not sufficiently pleaded or supported by admitted facts to warrant immediate adjudication. |
| S.C. Prashar v. Dwarkadas (1963 49 I.T.R 1) | Referred to by respondents regarding legal propositions on representation and possibly on vires (petitioners relied on it). | Referenced in argument: petitioners attempted to invoke its reasoning to challenge proviso to section 34(3); Court held that the plea was largely an afterthought and not properly raised in the writ petition. |
Court's Reasoning and Analysis
The Court proceeded in distinct logical steps:
- Treatment of late affidavit: The Court found that portions of the affidavit sworn by Ghisa Ram on 7 September 1964 introduced new points not covered by the original writ petition. It ruled those new points out to the extent they were not within the original pleadings, because no cogent ground was made out for permitting new matters.
- Preliminary jurisdictional question framed: The Court identified the central factual and determinative question to be whether Shri H.R. Modi (petitioner No.2) effectively represented the entire estate of the deceased. If he did, the petition filed by all four sons would be difficult to sustain and many legal objections would be foreclosed.
- Role of authorities and statutory remedies: The Court reviewed authorities (including Lalji Haridas, Sales Tax Officer v. Shiv Ratan, Shivram Poddar and others) emphasizing that the Income-tax Act provides a complete machinery for assessment and relief; ordinarily, factual questions and issues of time-bar and validity of notices should be decided by the tax authorities after fact-finding. The Court reasoned that it should not assume the role of original fact-finder in taxing matters absent patent jurisdictional defect or a clear infringement of fundamental rights.
- Assessment of exceptional circumstances: The Court examined whether there was a jurisdictional infirmity or manifest illegality on the face of the record so exceptional as to justify writ intervention. It concluded there was no such patent defect or grave illegality apparent; the dispute involved questions of fact (representation of estate, service of notices, limitation) appropriate for departmental adjudication.
- On the vires challenge to the second proviso of section 34(3): The Court noted petitioners' counsel raised it but observed (a) that it had not been sufficiently framed in the original petition and (b) even if raised, it would not materially help petitioner No.2 who claimed to represent the estate. Furthermore, adjudication of vires was contingent on established facts and thus premature here.
- Disposition on merits: Because of the factual nature of the contested issues and the absence of exceptional jurisdictional infirmity, the Court declined to decide the merits (limitation, competence of section 148 notices, or detailed validity of past notices) so as not to prejudice the assessing authorities' unhampered judicial approach and fact-finding.
Holding and Implications
Holding: The writ petition is DISMISSED.
Direct consequences for the parties:
- The petitioners are directed to pursue their statutory remedies before the departmental hierarchy (assessing authorities and appellate authorities) in accordance with the Income-Tax Act. The Court declined to grant interim or final writ relief on the basis presented.
- There is no order as to costs.
Broader implications:
The Court emphasised the principle that extraordinary writ jurisdiction in tax matters should be exercised sparingly and only in clear cases of patent jurisdictional infirmity or manifest illegality. It did not purport to lay down any new precedent beyond applying existing authorities and declined to express any opinion on merits that might prejudice subsequent departmental adjudication.
Disposition recorded: Petition dismissed. (P.C. Pandit, J. agreed.)
Dua, J.:— This petition under Arts. 226 & 227 of the Constitution at the instance of four brothers was admitted by a Bench of this Court on 12th March, 1964 with a direction that it should be set down for hearing before the vacation. It was heard by Jindra Lal, J. who on 11th September, 1964 referred the case to a larger Bench on the ground that the points involved were of considerable importance and not free from difficulty, the amount involved being also substantial. It may be pointed of that on 7th September, 1964, Jindra Lal, J. after hearing arguments for nearly two hours was informed by the learned counsel for the Revenue that some of the points urged on behalf of the petitioners had not been taken in the petition. This was controverted on behalf of the petitioners and it was submitted by their counsel that all the points were actually taken in the petition and during the arguments those points were merely being elaborated. The learned Single Judge thereupon directed the petitioners to file an affidavit elaborating the law points to be urged on their behalf with an advance copy being given to the respondents who were at liberty to file an affidavit in reply, if so advised. It was for this reason that the case was adjourned to 11th September, 1964. When the case was referred to larger Bench, the learned counsel for the Revenue again submitted that in the garb of elaborating their arguments, the petitioners were really trying to introduce and urge new points and were thus attempting to make out a new case. The learned Single Judge in these circumstances observed that this question would also be open to arguments before the larger Bench. I have considered it necessary to make this observation because at the bar a suggestion was thrown on behalf of the petitioners who are now represented by a different counsel, that the learned Single Judge had allowed all these points to be raised. I will advert to this aspect at the proper stage.
2. The facts giving rise to the controversy before us, as stated in the writ petition are, that R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi, father of the four petitioners, died on 22nd October, 1957. He was a shareholder of Modi Spinning and Weaving Mills Co. Ltd. (hereinafter called the Company) holding therein two blocks of shares. The Board of the Directors of the Company declared an interim dividend on 5th March, 1956 which was confirmed by the Company in its general meeting on 17th January, 1957. The declaration confirmed being in two different financial years is the source of the controversy. The dividend warrants in respect thereof were dispatched by the Company on 21st June, 1956. The deceased did not show the said dividend amounting to Rs. 60,265/- as his income in the return filed by him far the assessment year 1956–1957 and instead included it in his return for the assessment of the following year 1957–1958. The Income Tax Officer while making the assessment for the year 1956–1957 held on 10th February, 1958 that the said dividend did not relate to the assessment year 1957–1958 but related instead to, and was taxable in, the assessment year 1956–1957. Thus holding, he included this amount of Rs. 60,265/- in the income of the deceased for the year 1956–1957. An appeal was taken by the deceased against the said order to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax who by his order dated 21st July, 1959 held that the said dividend income was not taxable in the assessment year 1956–1957 and accordingly directed the Income Tax Officer to include this amount in the income for the assessment year 1957–1958. The department took an appeal from this order to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal but the same was unsuccessful, having been dismissed on 17th August, 1961 following the judgment of this Court in J. Dalmia v. Commissioner Of Income Tax, Reference No. 16 of 1959. The assessment of the income of the deceased for the year 1957–1958 had been made by the Income Tax Officer on 10th February, 1958 when he held that this amount had been assessed in the year 1956–1957. This amount was accordingly not assessed in the hands of the deceased for the assessment year 1957–1958. Faced with this situation, the Income Tax Officer sought to tax this amount under section 34(1)(b) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922, with the result that a notice was issued to Shri Harmukh Rai Modi, petitioner No. 2, under that section for reassessing the said dividend income of the deceased. The notice dated 7th November, 1959 was issued to petitioner No. 2 and it is averred in the writ petition that no notice was issued to the other petitioners. In these proceedings the date fixed before the Income Tax Officer was 19th October, 1960 but that day being a public holiday, another notice was issued for 29th October, 1960. In reply to that notice, petitioner No. 2 sent a telegram on 28th October, 1960, requesting for an adjournment on the plea that he was not aware of any notice under section 34(1)(b) having been issued as alleged. The Income Tax Officer by his order dated 29th October, 1960 declined the adjournment and completed the assessment under section 23(4) of the 1922 Act. It may be pointed out that in the order dated 29th October, 1960, it has been expressly stated that the notice dated 7th November, 1959 had been served by registered post on 14th November, 1959. As the assessment was, in the opinion of the Income Tax Officer likely to be barred by time by the next fortnight, the adjournment sought was refused and the assessment completed. On receipt of this order of assessment, petitioner No. 2, so proceeds the writ petition, made an application under section 27 of the Income Tax Act, 1922 for setting aside the order under section 23(4) of the Act. Petitioner No. 2, it is expressly pleaded in the writ petition also filed two appeals before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax, one against the order of the Income Tax Officer made under section 27 of the 1922 Act and the other on the quantum of the amount assessed. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner vide his two separate orders dated 15th June, 1963 set aside the assessment and directed fresh assessment to be made in accordance with law after properly serving the notices on the legal heirs. It is averred in the writ petition that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner had held that the purported notice under section 34(1)(b) had not been properly served and had not been properly addressed and not received by the assesses or his duly authorised agent. It is added in the petition that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner also held that the notice under section 34 should have been served on all the four legal heirs, namely, the present petitioners. The department did not prefer any appeal against these orders to the Appellate Tribunal. Thereafter the notices now sought to be impugned were issued on 7th January, 1964 under section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 with the object of assessing the aforesaid dividend income. Pt. Ghisa Ram, the representative of the four petitioners, is alleged to have met the Income Tax Officer, respondent No. 2, and explained to him that these notices are illegal and without jurisdiction deserving to be cancelled or withdrawn. The Income Tax Officer replied that since the dividend income had escaped assessment, he was entitled to assess the same in the hands of the petitioners. These notices are stated in the writ petition to be on their face barred by time as in the circumstances of this case, notices under section 148 of the Act of 1961 could be issued only within four years of the expiry of the relevant year namely March 1958. The last day of the relevant assessment year is, according to the petitioners, on 31st March, 1958. It is further added that in view of the fact that the deceased had himself returned this dividend income in his return for the assessment year 1957–1958 and the Income Tax Officer not having taxed the same on the view that it should be property taxed in the year 1956–1957, it cannot be said that there was any omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for the assessment for that year. The matter could in the circumstances fall, if at all, under section 147(b) for which the limitation under section 149(b) would be four years from the end of the relevant assessment year. Next it is averred that the information contemplated by section 147(b) must be an information from an external source and not as a result of the finding of the appeal Court for the same assessment year and thus section 147 of the Act could also not be attracted. In these circumstances the impugned notices have been described to be on their face without jurisdiction. In case the respondents are allowed to proceed further in pursuance of the impugned notices, the petitioners, it is emphasised, will be subjected to protracted proceedings and will suffer heavy loss. They have accordingly no other equally efficacious convenient alternative remedy. It is on these averments that the writ jurisdiction is invoked by the petitioners in their challenge against the impugned notices. I may here point out that though R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi had died on 22nd October, 1957, in the writ petition it has been asserted in paragraph 9 that the deceased had filed an appeal against the order dated 10th February, 1958 before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income tax. Indeed, even on 10th February, 1958, the date of assessment by the Income Tax Officer, R.B Seth Multani Mal was not alive and the assessment presumably was made against the estate of the deceased. In the return, a preliminary objection has been raised to the effect that the petitioners have their remedies under the Income Tax Act and, therefore, the present petition is misconceived deserving to be dismissed as such. On the merits, it is pleaded that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner had directed the Income Tax Officer to include the amount in question in the income of the assessee for the year 1957–1958. It was in pursuance of the direction of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner that proceedings under section 34(1)(b) of the Income Tax Act were started and a notice under section 34 served on the assessee on 14th November, 1959. Shri Harmukh Rai Modi, petitioner No. 2, according to the return, had in the earlier years received notices and had complied with them on behalf of himself and of other legal heirs of the late R.B Multani Mal Modi. It was for this reason that the notice under section 34(1)(b) was also served on him. None of the petitioners ever raised any objection and the Income Tax Officer, respondent No. 2 bona fide believed that Shri Harmukh Rai Modi was acting for all the legal representatives of the late Shri R.B Multani Mal Modi. No return having been filed by the assessee in compliance with the notice the assessment was completed under section 23(4) on 29th October, 1960 and indeed the assessee did not take up the position that he had not been served under section 34. The only communication received from the assessee was a telegram from Shri Ghisa Ram for the adjournment of the case. While accepting the assessee's appeal and cancelling the assessment order, the appellate Assistant Commissioner directed fresh assessment for the year 1957–1958 according to law after properly serving notices on all the legal representatives of the late Shri Multani Mal Modi. In the return, it is also pleaded that there is no time limit to the issue of notices on the facts and circumstances of this case. Reference in the return has also been made to section 150 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 according to which, the normal period fixed under section 149 of the Act is not applicable to the case. In paragraph 21, it is again pleaded that the petitioners should take their remedies by resort to the machinery laid down by the Income Tax Act. On 7th September, 1964, Ghisa Ram Sharma swore an affidavit in which several points have been mentioned and it is stated in the end that the points mentioned therein were points of law and had already been taken in the writ petition but were being elaborated in the affidavit. In any case, so proceeds the affidavit, the points being pure points of law relating, inter alia, to the jurisdiction of the Income Tax Officer and validity of the notice, may be permitted to be urged. This was controverted by an affidavit dated 10th September, 1964 by Shri L.R Dhingra, Income Tax Officer. It is stated therein that in the garb of elaborating what the deponent terms as “pure points of law”, the petitioners are seeking to introduce new matters in the writ petition which had never been taken before. It has also been stated in this affidavit that the return for the assessment year 1957–1958 bears the signatures of Shri Ghisa Ram Sharma as attorney of the assessee. Original returns in respect of the assessment year 1956–1957 and 1957–1958 had, however, been signed in Urdu by this late R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi himself. After the death of R.B Multani Mal Modi on 22nd October, 1957 all proceedings in respect of the assessments for these two assessment years were attended to by Shri Harmukh Rai Modi and various notices under the Income Tax Act for both these assessment years were duly served on him or on his attorney Shri Ghisa Ram Sharma and were duly complied with by them. No objection was ever raised by the said Harmukh Rai Modi or by his attorney Ghisa Ram Sharma to the effect that there were other legal representatives of the deceased. It has also been sworn in this affidavit that Shri Ghisa Ram Sharma bad also been the attorney of the late R.B Multani Mal Modi during his lifetime. Reference in this affidavit has in addition been made to a letter dated 10th January, 1958 by Shri Harmukh Rai Modi for the purpose of establishing that Shri Harmukh Rai Modi represented himself as the legal heir and representative of his father and in that capacity authorised Shri Ghisa Ram Sharma, his general attorney, to represent the income tax cases of the late R.B Multani Mal Modi stating that all statements and explanations made by Shri Ghisa Ram Sharma would be binding on him. Shri Harmukh Rai Modi had also executed a power of attorney in favour of Shri Mela Ram Mahendra, Advocate, Patiala, on 30th January, 1958 to represent the income tax cases of the late R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi. In regard to the dividend warrants now in dispute. Shri Harmukh Rai Modi is stated to have certified that these dividends related to shares which were his own property at the time when the dividends were daclared and also during the relevant period being in his own possession. This certificate is dated 25th January, 1958 and Harmukh Rai Modi has signed for late R.B Seth Maltani Mal Modi. On 1st February, 1958, an indemnity bond was executed by Harmukh Rai Modi as legal representative of late R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi in respect of refund claimed on dividends. In addition, all the statements during the assessment proceedings were signed by Harmukh Rai Modi as legal heir and representative of his deceased father. Even after the passing of the assessment order against the estate of the deceased Multani Mal Modi, Harmukh Rai Modi continued to represent the entire estate in the matter of making payments and getting extension of time for deposit of money. In the reassessment year 1958–1959, Harmukh Rai Modi filed a return as legal representative of the late R.B Multani Mal Modi on 16th August, 1958. Reference has also been made to a letter dated 21st August, 1961 in which Harmukh Rai Modi wrote to the Income Tax Officer in his capacity for and on behalf of the late R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi. For these reasons notice under section 34(1)(b) according to the rejoinder, was not bad on the ground of its being issued to Harmukh Rai Modi alone. Finally it is pleaded that at the enforcement of the new Act, notices could properly be issued under section 148 of the Act of 1961. Non-issue of notices to the other legal representatives on the facts and circumstances of this case does not vitiate the proceedings or render them void ab initio as claimed by the petitioners. In the end, an objection is raised to the admissibility of Ghisa Ram's affidavit dated 7th September, 1964 and it is urged that the said affidavit be ruled out and the original writ petition be decided as it is framed.
3. In my opinion, in so far as the affidavit of Shri Ghisa Ram introduces new paints not covered by the original writ petition, it must to that extent, be ruled out, no cogent ground having been made out for permitting any point outside the writ petition to be raised.
4. Shri Awasthy has in support of his preliminary objections submitted that the challenge to the notice involving as they do consideration of importance of fact as well should be raised before the departmental authorities. Stress has been laid by the counsel that the remedies provided by the statute are adequate and should be pursued by the petitioners and direct approach to this Court on writ side in the very first instance should be discouraged. Strong reliance has been placed on behalf of the Revenue on First Additional Income-Tax Officer v. Mrs. Susheela Sand Sadanandan . 1965 LVII I.T.R 168 S.C., for the submission that Shri H.R Modi being in possession and management of the entire estate of the deceased Shri Multani Mal Modi, he effectively represented the entire estate of the deceased. It is pointed out that after the death of Shri Multani Mal Modi on 22nd October, 1957, all assessment proceedings for both the years in question were attended to on behalf of the estate of the deceased by Shri H.R Modi alone who professed to represent the entire estate and was in fact intermeddling with the same. Indeed Shri Ghisa Ram Sharma, the attorney of the deceased in these proceedings, continued to represent Shri H.R Modi also as his attorney in these proceedings. As an intermeddler also Shri H.R Modi represents the estate of the deceased and in any event to the extent of the estate of the deceased represented by Shri H.R Modi, the notices given can by no means be assailed. The Revenue, it is emphasised, has acted bona fide in considering that Shri H.R Modi fully represents the estate of the deceased. This aspect depends on evidence and its adjudication, requiring as it does consideration of questions of fact and law, the matter should appropriately priately be raised before, and adjudicated upon, by the subordinate departmental authorities. Lalji Haridas v. R.H Bhatt . 1965 L.V.I.T.R 415., has been cited for the submission that the jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution is not intended to supersede the jurisdiction and authority of the Income-Tax Officers to deal with the merits of all the contentions that the assesse may raise before them, and so, it would be entirely inappropriate to permit an assesse to move the High Court under Article 226 and contend that a notice issued against him is barred by time. That is a matter which the income-tax authorities must consider on the merits in the light of the relevant evidence. Support is also sought from Sales Tax Officer v. Shiv Ratan . 1965 XVI S.T.C 589., for the submission that it is not the function of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution in taxing matters to constitute itself into an original authority or an appellate authority to determine questions of taxability which depend upon a precise determination of facts. There must, according to this decision, be something going to the root of the jurisdiction of the Sales Tax Officer, something to show that it would be a case of palpable injustice to the assessee to force him to adopt the remedies provided by the Act before the High Court should decide to allow its writ jurisdiction to be invoked. Our attention has also been drawn to the decision of the Supreme Court in Shivram Poddar v. Income-Tax Officer . 1964 I.I.I.T.R 823., in which at p. 829 Shah, J. speaking for the Court recorded a reminder in these words:—
“It is, however, necessary once more to observe, as we did in C.A Abraham's case . 1961 2 S.C.R 765., that the Income-Tax Act provides a complete machinery for assessment of tax, and for relief in respect of improper or erroneous orders made by the revenue authorities. It is for the revenue authorities to ascertain the facts applicable to a particular situation, and to grant appropriate relief in the matter of assessment of tax. Resort to the High Court in exercise of its extraordinary jurisdiction conferred or recognised by the Constitution in matters relating to assessment, levy and collection of income-tax may be permitted only when questions of infringement of fundamental rights arise, or whereon undisputed facts the taxing authorities are shown to have assumed jurisdiction which they do not possess. In attempting to by pass the provisions of the Income-tax Act by inviting the High Court to decide questions which are primarily within the jurisdiction of the revenue authorities, the party approaching the court has often to ask the court to make assumptions of facts which remain to be investigated by the revenue authorities.”
5. Reliance has been placed on a Bench decision of the Madras High Court in R. Chinnaswami v. The First Income tax Officer,7 according to which the Court should “take into consideration the statutory scheme of remedies and decline to interfere unless the alternative remedies are inadequate and to compel a party to resort to them will amount to denial of speedy justice in the circumstances and would mean grave hardship and harassment and waste of time and money.” This rule was propounded having regard to three decisions of the Supreme Court in the cases of Lalji Haridas v. Income Tax Officer & Anothers . 1965 57 I.T.R 637.. Lastly, reference has been made to a recent decision of this Bench in Rattan Chand v. Central, Board of Direct Taxes . 1966 2 I.T.J 252., since reported as (1968) 2 I.T.J 252, in which on a fairly exhaustive review of case law, we declined to interfere on writ side, leaving the assessee to seek remedies provided by the statute.
6. Shri Karkhania has in reply very persuasively argued that the impugned notice being without jurisdiction this Court should, in its discretion, interfere at this stage and quash it, seeking support for this submission from the decision in the case of Mrs. Suseela and from the Supreme Court decision in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer . 1961 XLI I.T.R 191., Reference by the counsel has also been made to Hari Vishnu Kamath v. Syed Ahmed Ishaque . 1955 T.S.C.R 1104., a case dealing with election matter, and State Of U.P v. Mohammad Nooh . . 1958 S.C.R 595. in which a departmental, enquiry against a Head Constable of Police was the subject matter of challenge. He has attempted to fortify himself by submitting that as, in the present proceedings, the jurisdiction of the taxing authority to issue the notice is being challenged this Court is the proper forum in which such a challenge can be canvassed. A recent unreported Single Bench decision of this Court in Darshan Singh Chawla v. Income-tax Officer . C.W 65-D of 1966. C.W 65 D of 1966 decided on 12.8.1966 has been strongly pressed into service in support of interference by this Court. In that case, the period of notice under section 34 of the old. Income-Tax Act having expired, section 297 of the current Act was held incapable of reviving the proceedings so barred. The decision of the Madras High Court in the case of R. Chinnaswami and of this Court in the case of Rattan Chand, according to Shri Karkhanai are distinguishable on facts as in the Madras case it was expressly observed that no question of jurisdiction, arose and in Rattan Chand's case there were several other material factors (wanting in this case) which prevailed with this Bench in declining interference. The petitioners' counsel has emphasised that he is challenging the vires of the second proviso to section 34(3) of the Indian Income-tax Act 11 of 1922 and it is settled says he, that this challenge cannot be adjudicated upon by the authorities under the Income-tax Act. In this connection, he has referred us to a decision of the Supreme Court in Beharilal Shyamsunder v. Sales Tax Officer . 1966 60 I.T.R 260., following its earlier decision in K.S Venkataraman and Co. (P) Ltd. v. State of Madras . 1966 60 I.T.R 112.. Reference in this connection has also been made to the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Shiv Ratan.
7. In reply Shri Awasthy has very, strongly argued that the question of the vires of the second proviso to section 34(3) of the Income-tax Act of 1922 was not raised in the writ petition and should not be allowed to be raised in the garb of elaboration of the points raised in the writ petition by furnishing fresh affidavit of Ghisa Ram dated 7.9.1964 By means only of this fresh affidavit, points out Shri Awasthy, the second proviso to section 34(3) has been alleged to be ultra vires as regards the legal heirs of the deceased on the basis of the reasons set out in the decision of the Supreme Court in S.C Prashar v. Dwarkadas . 1963 49 I.T.R 1.. This plea according to Shri Awasthy, apart from being an afterthought, having been raised only on 7.9.1964, would be of no avail even to petitioners Nos. 1, 3 and 4 if petitioner No. 2 is held to represent the entire estate of the deceased R.B Multani Mal Modi. And again, this plea, so submits the counsel, does not invalidate the impugned notice issued under section 148 of the new Act.
8. After the arguments on the preliminary objection, the counsel for the parties have also addressed us on the merits of the controversy but, in our opinion, the basic question which must, in the very first instance, require determination is whether Shri H.R Modi, petitioner No. 2, effectively represented the estate of the late R.B Multani Mal Modi, for, if that question is decided in favour of the Revenue, then this writ petition presented by all the four sons of the deceased-assessee would be difficult to sustain. It may be pointed out that even according to the petitioners' counsel the question of the vires of the second proviso to section 34(3) does not avail petitioner No. 2, Shri H.R Modi, and Shri Karkhania has expressly confined this plea of ultra vires to be available only to petitioners Nos. 1, 3 and 4, they alone being, according to him, strangers. On this view, the notice as against petitioner No. 2 can only be challenged on the ground of bar of limitation, which plea, in view of the Supreme Court authorities discussed above, particularly the case of Lalji Haridas, can appropriately be determined by the departmental authorities. And then if he represents the estate effectively, in that event, the question of the liability of the estate of the late Shri Multani Mal Modi will have to be determined in accordance with the general law by the assessing authorities. In that case, the question of vires of the second proviso to section 34(3) of the Act of 1922 would scarcely be material. Besides, it is note worthy that the notice which is being challenged in the present proceedings purports to be issued under section 148 of the Act of 1961 on the allegation that the income of the late R.B Seth Multani Mal Modi had escaped assessment within the meaning of section 147 of the new Act. These proceedings do not purport to be under section 34 of the Act of 1922. It may be recalled that R.B Multani Modi had died on 22nd October, 1957 and even assessments for the years 1956–1957 and 1957–1958 were made on 10th February, 1958 after his death when his estate was represented by Shri H.R Modi and his attorney Shri Ghisa Ram, who it is significant had also been acting as the attorney of the late R.B Multani Mal Modi during his life time. Now the question of Shri H.R Modi representing the entire estate of his deceased father essentially depends on facts which require evaluation. It would accordingly be highly inappropriate for this Court to embark in writ proceedings on an enquiry involving appraisal of evidence; such a course would clearly be contrary to the well recognised rule that this Court ordinarily does not allow an assessee to invoke its writ jurisdiction ignoring or by passing the departmental hierarchy, when his plea of law is not based on admitted or established facts on the record and when the assessing authorities have not had an opportunity of pronouncing their opinion on the relevant facts. The arguments addressed before us were largely concentrated on the question of the notice under section 34 of the old Act being barred by time and the notice under section 148 of the new Act being incompetent as also on the effect of the previous order of the taxing authorities. On this question, arguments both pro and con have been urged at the bar, but these are matters which this Court is disinclined at this stage in the present proceedings to deal with and to pronounce upon. This is a question which is pre-eminently within the jurisdiction of taxing authorities under the Income-Tax Act to consider and adjudicate upon. We are not convinced that there is either a jurisdictional infirmity or such grave illegality patent on the face of the record as to constitute exceptional circumstances which would justify exercise of this Court's jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution at this stage. We are not at all satisfied that to leave the petitioners to urge their grievances before the departmental hierarchy in accordance with the Income-Tax Act would amount to unreasonable denial of speedy justice or would mean grave and palpable hardship or unnecessary harassment or undue waste of time and money. On the contrary, such a course would be in confirmity with the statutory scheme and the facts and circumstances of the case would be properly scruitinised and evaluated by the authorities whose statutory duty it is to do so. The petitioners can thereafter, if so advised, seek relief in accordance with the statutory scheme even from this Court. It may be repeated, as has often been said, that the problems and difficulties involved in the assessment and collection of taxes are matters of common knowledge and evasion of legitimate tax correspondingly enhances the burden on the honest and law-abiding tax-payers or tells on the State's financial capacity in discharging its obligations to the society as a whole. The Parliament has in its wisdom accordingly provided a machinery for solving this problem in a manner properly balancing the interests of the assessees and the society at large. To allow this machinery to be by passed, save in exceptional clear cut cases of patent jurisdictional infirmity or grave and manifest violation of law when to leave the assessee to the statutory hierachry would mean palpable injustice, is, in our opinion, improper exercise of the discretionary writ jurisdiction.
9. As we are disclined to go into the merits of the controversy, we have considered it inexpedient to express any opinion thereon one way or the other, because any expression of opinion is likely to prejudice the unhampered judicial approach to the problem by the authorities. The petitioners are therefore, left to pursue their remedy and urge their point of view before the-departmental hierarchy. For the foregoing reasons, this writ petition fails and is hereby dismissed but with no order as to costs.
10. P.C Pandit, J.:— I agree.
11. Petition dismissed.
Alert