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Hazari And Another v. Suresh And Others

Allahabad High Court
Apr 2, 1979
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Structured Summary of the Opinion (P.N. Goel, J.)

Factual and Procedural Background

The suit was instituted by two brothers, Suresh (about 28 years old) and Santosh Kumar (about 17 years old at institution), seeking a permanent injunction restraining the appellants (defendants) — including Ram Bhajan (defendant respondent No. 3) — from interfering with their irrigation of fields Nos. 156, 157, 158, 154 and 155 through water channels MN and NL shown on the plaint's sketch map. The plaintiffs also claimed Rs. 50 as damages for demolition of a pairhi ABCD south of the well. They alleged the well and pairhi existed in plot No. 113 (consolidation number) corresponding to old plot No. 319 (settlement 1919 F.), that the well belonged to their ancestor Badla, and that they had long used it for irrigation. The plaint's allegations were admitted by Ram Bhajan.

The defendants contested, asserting that the disputed well belonged to their ancestors (constructed by Bishambhar, Badri and Jiya Lal), denying construction by Badla, denying plaintiff possession of the well, and denying demolition of the channel or pairhi by the plaintiffs.

Documentary material on record included Khasra of 1319 F. (Ex. 6) showing a well in old plot No. 319 and Khatauni of that settlement (Ex. 12) where the name Badla appears in column 3 and old plot No. 323 is indicated with "well" in column 5. Consolidation proceedings produced Khata No. 103 for seven wells (including the well in plot No. 113), indicating those wells were kept out of consolidation and not allotted to tenure-holders.

At trial, the Munsif (Fatehpur) found neither party to be owner of the well, found the plaintiffs owners of the Pairhi, held they had a right to irrigate from the disputed well, found the defendants had demolished the pairhi and Nali, held the suit within limitation and not barred by Section 49 of the Consolidation of Holdings Act, and decreed a permanent injunction. Instead of awarding damages, the trial court directed the appellants to reconstruct the Pairhi and the water channel.

The appellants appealed to the District Judge (Civil Appeal No. 62 of 1967) pressing three principal points. The District Judge decided those points against the appellants, considered merits, found by oral and documentary evidence the respondents had proven their right to irrigate from the disputed well, and dismissed the appeal. The present opinion (P.N. Goel, J.) is a further defendants' appeal against the District Judge's judgment and decree dated 17 January 1969.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether Santosh Kumar attaining majority during the pendency of the suit, but not electing under Order XXXII, Rule 12, C.P.C., to proceed, rendered the suit defective or required dismissal/remand.
  2. Whether the trial court's omission to frame a specific issue on possession of the disputed well required remand.
  3. Whether the plaintiffs' claim to irrigate from the disputed well was barred by Section 49 of the Uttar Pradesh Consolidation of Holdings Act or otherwise affected by Section 30(b) of the Consolidation of Holdings Act when the well was not allotted to any tenure-holder.
  4. Whether Gaon (Village) Sabha should have been impleaded on the ground that wells kept out of consolidation (Khata No. 103) vested in the Gaon Sabha.
  5. Whether prior case law relied upon by appellants (Fattam v. Balli; Ram Chander v. Dharam Prasad; Rameshwar v. Uma Shanker) was applicable to the facts of this case.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellants' Arguments

  • Santosh Kumar attained majority during the suit and did not elect to proceed under Order XXXII, Rule 12, C.P.C., thereby affecting the suit's validity.
  • The trial court failed to frame a specific issue on possession of the disputed well, necessitating remand for proper issue framing and determination.
  • The plaintiffs' claim to irrigate from the well was barred by Section 49 of the U.P. Consolidation of Holdings Act (and more broadly by consolidation law principles).
  • The well was not allotted to any tenure-holder in consolidation and was therefore presumptively vested in the Gaon Sabha; Gaon Sabha should have been impleaded as a necessary party.
  • Pursuant to Section 30(b) of the Consolidation of Holdings Act, the right to irrigation from "private source" applies only where the private source was allocated within a Chak; because the well was not allotted to any tenure-holder, respondents cannot claim irrigation rights under Section 30(b).
  • Cited precedents (Fattam v. Balli; Ram Chander v. Dharam Prasad; Rameshwar v. Uma Shanker) to support the contention that consolidation-allocation facts defeat the respondents' claim.

Respondents' (Plaintiffs') Position as Presented in the Opinion

  • The plaintiffs alleged ownership of the well by their ancestor Badla and long-standing use of the well to irrigate their fields; they sought injunction and damages for demolition of the pairhi.
  • Documentary evidence (Khasra Ex. 6 and Khatauni Ex. 12) supported the assertion that the well belonged to Badla and was associated with the respondents' ancestral holding.
  • Ram Bhajan (one defendant) admitted the plaint's allegations.
  • The trial court had found the plaintiffs owners of the pairhi, entitled to irrigate, and that the defendants had demolished the pairhi and Nali; the respondents relied on those findings and on the documentary record in defending the appeal.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Fattam v. Balli Case involved a well that had been allotted to the Chak of the defendant. The court treated this case as inapplicable because, in Fattam v. Balli, the well was allotted to the defendant's Chak, whereas in the present case the well was not allotted to any tenure-holder.
Ram Chander v. Dharam Prasad Case involved a well that had been allotted to the Chak of the defendant. The court held this precedent inapplicable for the same reason: that case concerned a well allotted to a defendant's Chak, unlike the present case where the well was kept out of consolidation and not allotted.
Rameshwar v. Uma Shanker Dispute over irrigation from a tank which, in consolidation proceedings, was allotted to defendants; the plaintiff there also had a private source of irrigation and did not claim ownership of the tank. The court found this precedent inapplicable because in Rameshwar the tank was allotted to the defendants and the plaintiff had an alternative private source; those facts differ from the present case where the well was shown in settlement records to belong to respondents' ancestor and was kept out of consolidation.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court addressed each of the principal contentions in sequence and applied statutory rules, documentary evidence, and the factual findings of the lower courts:

  1. Santosh Kumar's majority and Order XXXII, Rule 12, C.P.C.:

    The court noted Order XXXII, Rule 12 is designed for the benefit of a minor attaining majority to elect whether to proceed. The rule prescribes how the title of the suit is corrected if he elects to proceed or how the suit is to be dismissed if he elects to abandon it. The court observed nothing in the record shows Santosh elected to abandon the suit. Because Santosh was not the sole plaintiff and his elder brother Suresh shared the same interest, the suit could be maintained by Suresh alone (particularly in a trespass action). The court further observed Santosh had moved an application in the lower appellate court noting his majority and that the memorandum of appeal showed him as a major; there was no evidence that he repudiated proceedings. The omission to move under Order XXXII, Rule 12(1) did not advantage the appellants nor render the suit defective.

  2. Failure to frame a specific issue on possession:

    While appellants argued the trial court did not frame a specific issue on possession, the court did not find this omission fatal. The court relied on the record and documentary evidence (Khasra and Khatauni) and the lower courts' findings to determine the rights at issue rather than remanding solely for issue-framing.

  3. Impleading Gaon Sabha and status of Khata No. 103:

    The court rejected the submission that the well, being kept out of consolidation in Khata No. 103, vested in the Gaon Sabha and thereby required impleading. There was no document showing Gaon Sabha became the tenure-holder of Khata No. 103. The Khatauni merely indicated that the wells were kept out of consolidation (i.e., not amalgamated into Chaks), which does not, by itself, vest ownership in Gaon Sabha. Moreover, because the respondents complained of trespass by appellants, they could be granted relief against the appellants irrespective of whether Gaon Sabha was a party.

  4. Applicability of Section 30(b) of the Consolidation of Holdings Act:

    Section 30(b) provides that upon entering into possession of a Chak, a tenure-holder shall have "in his Chak the same rights, title, interests and liabilities... together with such other benefits of irrigation from a private source, till such source exists, as the former tenure-holder... had." The court explained this provision operates only after delivery of possession of the Chaks; it presupposes the source was allotted within a Chak. In the present case the well (plot No. 113) was not allotted to any tenure-holder and had been kept out of consolidation. Consequently, Section 30 as a whole did not apply to this factual situation, and appellants could not derive advantage from Section 30(b).

  5. Relevance of cited precedents:

    The court considered the cited authorities (Fattam v. Balli; Ram Chander v. Dharam Prasad; Rameshwar v. Uma Shanker) and found them inapplicable because in each of those cases the well or tank had been allotted to the defendant's Chak (or, in Rameshwar, the plaintiff had another private source and did not claim ownership), whereas in the present case the disputed well was kept out of consolidation and documentary records indicated it belonged to the respondents' ancestor.

  6. Ownership based on documentary evidence and effect of consolidation Khatauni:

    The court emphasized that the Khasra (Ex. 6) and Khatauni (Ex. 12) of the settlement year 1319 F. clearly indicated the well had belonged to the respondents' ancestor Badla. Ordinarily the heirs of Badla would inherit ownership. The court held that once ownership is shown, it cannot be divested except by transfer or clear statutory provision. The fact that several wells were kept out of consolidation did not extinguish the respondents' ownership. The trial court's inference that the respondents were not owners merely because the well was not allotted in consolidation was incorrect in law.

  7. Failure to file cross-objection or appeal by respondents:

    The court noted Order 41, Rule 22 allows a respondent to support the decree or take cross-objection though he may not have appealed. In this case the respondents had no occasion to appeal or file cross-objection because the trial court had decreed their suit; hence their not filing a cross-objection did not prevent them from asserting before the appellate court that they were owners and had irrigation rights. The lower appellate court found respondents had satisfactorily proved their right to irrigate, and the present appeal did not raise any matter that disturbed that finding.

Holding and Implications

Holding: THE APPEAL IS DISMISSED. The decree and judgment of the courts below, which granted the respondents a permanent injunction and directed reconstruction of the pairhi and water channel (instead of damages), were left undisturbed.

Direct consequences for the parties:

  • The respondents' right to irrigate from the disputed well was upheld by the court on the basis of documentary and oral evidence indicating ancestral ownership and long use.
  • The appellants' challenges — based on Santosh Kumar's attainment of majority without a formal election, non-framing of possession issue, non-impleading of Gaon Sabha, and reliance on Section 30(b) — were rejected.
  • The appeal was dismissed with costs awarded to respondents Nos. 1 and 2 (as recorded in the opinion).

Broader implications:

This opinion does not announce any new legal principle or departure from existing law; it applies settled principles concerning (i) the protective purpose of Order XXXII, Rule 12 for a minor attaining majority, (ii) the limited effect of keeping wells out of consolidation (i.e., non-allotment does not automatically vest ownership in Gaon Sabha), and (iii) the limited applicability of Section 30(b) to sources allotted within Chaks. The court explicitly treated cited precedents as factually distinguishable rather than as authority requiring reversal.

Show all summary ...

P.N Goel, J.:— This is a defendants' appeal against the judgment and decree dated January 17, 1969 passed by the District Judge, Fatehpur in Civil appeal No. 62 of 1967.

2. The suit was brought by two brothers, Suresh, aged about 28 years and Santosh Kumar, aged about 17 years for permanent injunction restraining the defendants appellants Ram Bhajan defendant respondent No. 3, from interfering in irrigating their fields 156, 157, 158, 154 and 155 througs water channel MN and NL shown in the sketch map attached to the plaint. They further claimed Rs. 50/- as damages for the demolition of pairhi ABCD to the south of the well. They alleged that the well and pairhi existed in plot 113 carved out in consolidation proceedings which corresponded to plot No. 319 of the settlement of the year 1919 F., that the well belonged to their ancestor Badla that Pairhi ABCD belonged to them and that they were irrigating their fields since a long time. Ram Bhajan, defendant respondent admitted all the allegations of the plaint.

3. Defendant appellants contested the suit on the grounds that the well did not belong to the plaintiff respondents, that the disputed well really belonged to their ancestors, that it was constructed by Bishambhar, Badri and Jiya Lal, that it was not constructed by Badla, that the plaintiff respondents were never. In possession of the well, that they had never demolished the water channel or the pairhi.

4. There is on record Khasra of 1319F, Ex. 6. It shows a well in plot No. 319. Its old No. was 323. This plot pertained to Mohal Tori Singh. There is Kha-tauni of this settlement. Ex. 12, relating to Thok Tori Singh. In this document the name of Badla is clearly written in column No. 3 along with some other persons. In column No. 4 old plot No. 323 is written. In column No. 5 well is mentioned.

5. It is undisputed that the present number after consolidation of plot No. 319 is 113. In consolidation proceedings the well was not allotted to any tenure-holder. The consolidation authorities made a separate Khata No. 103 in respect of 7 wells situate in different plots. The well in plot No. 113 is mentioned in it.

6. The Munsif, Fatehpur, who tried the suit, held that neither of the parties was owner of the well, that the plaintiffs; were owners of the Pairhi, that they had a right to irrigate their fields from the well in dispute, that the defendants appellants had demolished the pairhi and Nali in dispute, that the suit was within limitation and that it was not barred by Section 49 of the Consolidation of Holdings Act. On these findings the trial court decreed the respondent's suit for permanent injunction. Instead of allowing damages to the respondents, the trial court directed the appellants to construct the Pairhi and the water channel.

7. The appellants filed appeal before the District Judge. Three points were urged before him—

(1) Santosh. Kumar, respondent No. 2 attained majority during the pendency of the suit before the trial court. He did not elect to proceed with the suit.

(2) The trial court did not frame a specific issue on the question of possession over the disputed well and therefore the case be remanded, and

(3) The plaintiffs respondents claim of irrigating their fields was barred by Section 49 of the U.P Consolidation of Holdings Act.

8. The learned District Judge decided all these points against the appellants. Then he dealt with the merits of the case and held that by oral and documentary evidence the respondents had proved that they had a right to irrigate their fields from the disputed well. The appeal was consequently dismissed.

9. Learned counsel for the appellants firstly contended that Santosh Kumar, respondent No. 2, had become major during the pendency of the suit before the trial court and he did not elect to prosecute the suit as required by Order XXXII, Rule 12, C.P.C This rule lays down that a minor plaintiff shall, on attaining majority, elect whether he will proceed with the suit. Then this rule lays down that where he elects to proceed with the suit, he shall apply for an order discharging the next friend and for leave to proceed in his own name, where such an application is made the title of the suit is corrected as laid down in sub-rule (3) of this rule. Then sub-rule (4) provides that where the minor elects to abandon the suit, he shall, if a sole plaintiff, apply for an order to dismiss the suit.

10. It is evident that this rule is made for the benefit of the minor who attains majority during the pendency of the suit. This rule does not envisage a position where a minor does not move an application under sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (4). In the present case there is nothing on record to indicate that Santosh Kumar elected to abandon the suit. It will be noticed that Santosh Kumar was not the sole plaintiff in the case. His elder brother Suresh was also a plaintiff in the suit. The interest of Suresh and Santosh Kumar are common. Therefore if Santosh Kumar did not make an application saying that he would proceed with the suit, it does not mean that the suit could not proceed at all, because the suit could be proceeded with by his elder brother Suresh. It will further be noticed that it is a case of alleged trespass by the appellants. Therefore, Suresh alone could have maintained the suit even if Santosh Kumar was not impleaded as a party. The lower appellate court has pointed out that Santosh Kumar moved an application in the appeal before the lower appellate court that he had attained majority and this fact be noted on record. In this connection it is worthwhile to mention that in the memorandum of appeal Santosh Kumar, who was arrayed as respondent was indicated as major. There is nothing on record to indicate that Santosh Kumar abandoned the suit or in any way repudiated the proceedings of the suit before the trial court.

11. In the above circumstances, the omission of Santosh Kumar to have moved an application under Order XXXII, rule 12(1) has not placed the appellants in any position of advantage nor it has made the suit brought by his guardian and his elder brother in any way defective. Therefore this contention of the appellants' counsel is with out substance.

12. The next contention of the appellant's counsel is that as the well in suit was not allotted to any tenure-holder, it should be presumed that the well vested in Caon Sabha and therefore Gaon Sabha should be made a party. This centension does not seem to be correct for the reason that there is not a single document on record to show that the Gaon Sabha became the tenure-holder of Knata No. 103 to which the well in dispute appertained in consolidation proceedings. The only inference which can be drawn from the Khatauni is that all the wells mentioned in the Khatauni were kept out of consolidation. It means that the plots in which the wells are situate were not amalgamated to or included in the Chaks allotted to the tenure-holders. But this does not mean that the well would vest in Gaon Sabha. Therefore, there is hardly any need to implead Gaon Sabha in this case. There is another reason for this view. It is this that in this case the respondents complained against act of trespass of the appellants. If the respondents have a right to irrigate from the well in question, they can be granted reliefs against the appellants irrespective of the fact whether Gaon Sabha is a party or not. The next contention of the appellants' counsel is based on Section 30(b) of the Consolidation of Holdings Act. Title of this section is ‘Consequences which shall ensue on exchange or possession’. The section then says that with effect from the date on which a tenure-holder enters or is deemed to have entered into possession of the Chak allotted to him in accordance with the provisions of this Act, the following consequences shall ensue:—

(b) The tenure-holder entering into possession or deemed to have entered into possession, shall have in his Chak the same rights, title, interests and liabilities as he had in the original holdings together with such other be nefits of irrigation from a private source, till such source exists, as the former tenure-holder of the plots comprising the Chak had in regard to them.

13. The main stress of the learned counsel for the appellants is on the words ‘private source’. He contends that as the well in plot No. 113 i.e the disputed well was not allotted to any of the parties, the respondents could not claim benefit of irrigation from this well. Section 30 lies in Chapter IV relating to enforcement of the scheme of consolidation. Simply stated, the scheme of consolidation Act is that the area of plots of tenure-holders at different places is consolidated at one place and these consolidated areas, called Chaks, are allotted to various tenure-holders. After the Chaks have been allotted, the Chak holders are delivered possession. After the delivery of possession of the Chaks, the consequences mentioned in Section 30 follow.

14. In the present case the Chaks of the parties were carved out and in all probability they came into possession of their Chaks. But the well in dispute or the plot in which the disputed well lies was not allotted to any of the parties. It would not be wrong to say that this well or the plot in which the disputed well lies was not allotted to any tenure-holder. Its necessary consequence is that Section 30 as a whole does not apply to the present case.

15. The learned counsel for the appellants referred to the cases of Fattam v. Balli(1), and Ram Chander v. Dharam Prasad (2). In both these cases the well was allotted to the Chak of the defendant. Therefore, both these cases are not applicable to the present case.

16. The appellants' counsel then referred to the case of Rameshwar v. Uma Shanker (3). In this case there was dispute of irrigation from a tank. The plaintiff came with the allegation that he used to irrigate from the tank in suit. During consolidation proceedings the tank was allotted to the defendants. In this case also the tank was not kept out of consolidation. There was a further finding in this case that the plaintiff had his own private source of irrigation. In view of two facts—(1) the plaintiff did not allege that he was the owner of the tank and (2) the plaintiff had another source of irrigation, it was held that the courts below were not justified in granting relief of injunction. This case is also not applicable to the facts of the present case.

17. In this connection it has to be rei marked that the Khasra and Khatauni of the year 1319 F. clearly indicated that the well belonged to the respondent's ancestor Badla. Ordinarily heirs of Badla would be the owners of the well. The respondents clearly alleged in the plaint that they were owners of the well.

18. It was pointed out that because the well was not allotted to the respondents in consolidation proceedings so the trial court held that the respondents were not the owners of the well. This inference is not correct in law. Once a party is shown to be owner of a well, his ownership cannot be divested unless there is a transfer or there is some statutory provision. In the present case, as mentioned above, not only this well but 6 other wells of other plots were kept out of consolidation. This fact alone is not sufficient to extinguish the rights of the plaintiff respondents in the well.

19. It was pointed out that the plaintiffs respondents did not file cross-objection against this finding of the trial court before the lower appellate court. Order 41, rule 22 lays down that any respondent, though he may not have appealed from any part of the decree, may not only support the decree on any of the grounds decided by the court below, but take any cross-objection to the decree which be could have taken by way of appeal. In the present case the trial court decreed the respondents' suit for the reliefs claimed by them. Therefore, there was no occasion for the respondents to have filed an appeal or a cross-objection. Without doing so, they could urge before the lower appellate court that they were owners of the well and had a right to irrigate their fields from it. Unfortunately this point was not raised before the lower appellate court. The present appellants raised only 3 points before the lower appellate court which were decided against them. The lower appellate court then touched the respondents' right to irrigate. The lower appellate court clearly found that the respondents had satisfactorily proved that they had a right to irrigate their fields. The appeal filed by the appellants was dismissed by the lower appellate court. Therefore, the respondents again got no occasion to file an appeal or a cross-objection. The legal position as to the ownership of the well is too clear and which has been indicated just above.

20. As the well belonged to the respondents' ancestor in the settlement, it continued to belong to them. Khatauni prepared in the consolidation proceedings keeping the wells apart from consolidation does not take away ownership of the respondents.

21. For what has been dismissed above, the appellants do not get any advantage from the provisions of Section 30(b) of the Consolidation of Holdings Act.

22. The appellants' counsel lastly pointed out that plots 154 and 155 which belonged to some other persons were allotted to the respondents in consolidation proceedings, that there was nothing to show that these two plots were to be irrigated from the well in suit and as such the respondents were not entitled to claim relief in respect of these two plots. This contention is no doubt borne out by para 5 of the plaint; but it has been indicated above that the disputed well was of the respondent's ancestor and as such continued to belong to them. If the respondents wish to irrigate these plots allotted to them in consolidation and as such continued to belong to them, the appellants cannot come in the way. The result of what has been said above is that no interference can be made by this Court in the decree passed by the courts below.

23. The appeal is accordingly dismissed with costs to respondents Nos. and 2.